chapter 6
Terms
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- 2nd language of India
- Delhi
- language groups from the tree
- romance languages Germanic languages
- language families
- languages with a shared, but fairly distant origin
- Languages of Belgium and Nigeria
- many different languages with no main languages
- language divergence
- a, new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects
- backward reconstruction
- to track sounds and hardening of consonants backward toward the original language
- global languages
- language that is most commonly used around the world
- Slavic languages
- (Russian, Polish, Czeck, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian)-developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago, Slavic tongues came to dominate much of Eastern Europe over the succeeding centuries
- what helped rise of national languages in 14th century
- trade
- where are MLK streets found the united States
- in the south
- deep reconstruction
- using vocabulary of extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language
- Proto- Indo- European
- a branch of the main language tree
- official languages
- The languages in which the federal government conducts its business.
- mutual intelligibility
- , the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking
- why do colonies change many street and place names when they become independent?
- because they don't want the streets named after the people that controlled them
- conquest theory
- theory of how proto-inko european spread into europe that speakers spread westward on horseback
- dialects
- local or regional characteristics of a languages
- nostratic
- a, believed to be the root of Proto-Indo-European as well as Kartvelian
- language
- a set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communications
- languages of Quebec
- French and English
- standard language
- a language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved community norm of the tongue
- Creole language
- language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue
- culture
- knowledge, values, customs, and physical objects that are shared by members of a society
- monolingual states
- countries in which only one language is spoken
- most widely used indo-eauropean language
- English
- what are branches that end on the language tree
- the branches of different languages
- place
- uniqueness of a location
- explain differnce between language and dialect have three textbook examples from North America
- the words used for trade and being adopted in the house hold slang
- toponym
- the name by which a geographical place is known
- multilingual states
- countries in which more than one language is in use
- Romance languages
- latin-based languages such as freanch, spanish, and Italian
- pidgin languages
- simple languages that help people who speak different languages understand each other
- what is the official language of many African states
- Afro- Asiatic and Niger-Congo
- lingua franca
- a common language spoken and understood by the majority of people in an area, although other languages may be spoken at home.
- Germanic languages
- lanuages that reflect the expansion of peoples out of northern europe to the west and south
- what do official languages tell us about a state
- its political out put
- dialect chains
- a a set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related
- languages convergence
- the collapsing of two languages into one resulting
- monolingal countries by name
- United States of America , Canada
- subfamilies
- divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent
- dispersal hypothesis
- holds that the Indo -European languages arose s from the , proto-indo european was first carried eastward into southwest asia, then to caspian sea and then across russian-ukrainian plans and on to balkans
- sound shift
- slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin
- extinct language
- language without any native speakers
- isogloss
- a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
- Renfrew hypothesis
- , this claims that from Anatolia (Turkey) diffused Europe's Indo European languages; from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent came the languages of North Africa and Arabia; and from the Fertile Crescent's eastern arc ancient languages spread into present day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, later to be replaced by Indo-European languages