Chapter Three
Terms
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- cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it depends heavily on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime.
- CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
- a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about what it means to be male or female.
- GENDER SCHEMA
- in Piaget's theory, mental actions that are cognitively reversable.
- OPERATIONS
- the understanding, which develops late in the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it.
- OBJECT PERMANENCE
- a child's first word combinations, which omit (as a telegram did) unnecessary words.
- TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
- the onset of menstruation.
- MENARCHE
- a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child's misbehavior.
- POWER ASSERTION
- in primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of an infant's first attachment.
- CONTACT COMFORT
- the process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations required of them by their society or culture.
- SOCIALIZATION
- a method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child's own resources, abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child's misbehavior.
- INDUCTION
- according to many psyhcholinguists, an innate mental module that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation.
- LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE
- the fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender.
- GENDER IDENTITY
- the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
- PUBERTY
- the process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their cultures.
- GENDER TYPING
- in Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures.
- ASSIMILATION
- the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age.
- FLUID INTELLIGENCE
- the cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova; it is usually a gradual process lasting up to several years.
- MENOPAUSE
- the distress that most children develop, at about 7 or 9 months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers or in a new situation; it varies according to cultural practices.
- SEPERATION ANXIETY
- in Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information.
- ACCOMMODATION
- seeing the world from only your own point of view; the inability to take another person's perspective.
- EGOCENTRIC THINKING
- the understanding that the physical properties of objects- such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass- can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.
- CONVERSATION