Anthropology 100 Economics
Terms
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- domesticated animals as an energy source, typicaly occurs in arid zones with inedible grasses, extensive strategy: must move around to exploit fresh pastures, private property exists with the ownerhsip of animals, sexes are unequal because men are valued for raiding and protecting the herd, can support a large population
- pastoralism
- domestication of plants as energy source, hand tools for small gardens, property exists: gardens have collective ownership usually owned by an extended family, degree of settlement but is still extensive like foraging, commonly occurs in tropical rainforests where the soils are poor, balanced reciprocity
- horticulture
- domestication of plants with animal labour (the plough) as an energy source. Intensive strategy that emerges around 10 000 BP (neolithic), permanent settlements, occupational specialization, accumulation of surplus, stratification, markets appear, division of labour into public/private spheres
- agriculture
- garden for 5-7 years and then land must lie fallow for 5-7 years
- slash and burn horictulture
- begins 2.5 million years BP with H. habilis and the Oldowan tool kit and has three levels: lower, middle and upper
- Paleolithic
- hunters and gatherers, use human labour only as energy source, extensive strategy (reqfuires extensive knowledge of surroundings), informal leadership,women produce 70-80% of subsistence, generalized reciprocity, ex. Dobe Ju/Hoansi
- foragers
- basically sharing with no account kept of how much is given or owed, you are obligated to share what you have, no value is attatched to what is shared
- generalized reciprocity
- inanimate sources (fosisilb fuels, hydroelectric, etc) as energy source, extreme social controls (taxes, prisons, etc) high degree of stratification and disparity, global and regional networks, adaptable, mobile labour force, kin groups less important
- industrialism
- new stone age, is associate with food production, beings about 10 000 years BP
- Neolithic
- middle stone age. nothern climates response to change (end of ice age) begins about 12000 years BP, includes developement of boats and evidence of the exploitation of riverine and aquatic sources
- Mesolithic
- an account of what is shared is kept, can save up food and store it for later, introduces a degree of gender inequality because it give men and opportunity to gain influence and authority through exchange, use of exchange to maintain or end a relationship, gives food away at feasts to create alliances, relationship is the motive, not profit
- balanced reciprocity
- production, consumption exchange
- modes of production
- the way you organize production, consumption and exchange
- economic system
- NW coast B.C, Washington, gathered exclusively wild plant and plant life, were stratified
- specialized foragers