Sociology Unit 3
Terms
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- Ascribed
- A status assigned according to standards beyond a persons control.
- Status
- A socially defined position in a group or society.
- Role
- The behavior expected of someone in a particular status.
- Expectations
- The socially determined behaviors anticipated for a person performing a role are called his/her role____.
- Achieved
- A status acquired by a person on the basis of some special skill or knowledge.
- Conflict
- When fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status, we have role____.
- Performance
- A person's actual behavior is his/her role____.
- Role Set
- The different roles attached to a single status.
- Strain
- This occurs hen a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status.
- Social Institution
- A system of statuses, roles, and norms organized to meet a basic need of society.
- Master
- The_____ status plays the greatest in shaping a person's life.
- Dyad
- The smallest possible group.
- Reference
- Any group with which a person identifies and whose values the person adopts.
- Small Group
- Any group with no more than 15 members who are able to interact face-to-face.
- Aggregate
- People gathered at the same place who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction.
- Group
- A set of two or more people who have shared expectations and possess some common identity.
- Social Category
- A classification of people based on a shared trait. All veterans would be an example.
- Primary
- A group that interacts over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis.
- In-Group
- A group that a person belongs to and identifies with.
- Secondary
- A group in which interaction is temporary and impersonal.
- Social Network
- The web relations which is formed from all a person's interactions with groups and other people.
- Substance Strategy
- The way in which society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.
- Division of Labor
- The specialization by individual or groups in the performance of specific economic activities.
- Barter
- The practice of exchanging one good for another.
- Urbanization
- The concentration of population in cities.
- Mechanical Solidarity
- The close-knit social relationships that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks.
- Organic Solidarity
- The impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization.
- Formal Group
- Structure, goals, and activities of the group and clearly defined.
- Informal Group
- No official structure or established rules of conflict.
- Exchange
- Interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions.
- Reciprocity
- The idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return.
- Exchange Theory
- Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.
- Competition
- Two or more people opposing each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.
- Conflict
- A deliberate attempt to control by force.
- Cooperation
- Two or more persons working together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people.
- Accommodation
- A state of balance between cooperation and conflict.
- Formal Organization
- A complex and structured secondary group that has been deliberately created to achieve specific goals in an efficient manner
- Bureaucracy
- A ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.
- Rationalization
- Refers to the process by which every feature of human behavior becomes subject to calculation, measurement, and control.
- Voluntary Association
- Is a Non-profit organization formed to pursue some common interest.
- Iron Law of Oligarchy
- The tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.
- The Peter Principle
- In a bureaucracy, employees tend to be promote to their highest level of incompetence, this means that everyone in a bureaucracy is incompetent and is generally inefficient