Psychology Final Terms
Terms
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- Hallucinations
- False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
- Consciousness
- an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation
- Encoding
- Set of mental operations that prople perform on sensory info to convert that info into a form that is usable by the brains storage system
- Heredity
- The biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next
- Tolerance
- The act of tolerating something
- Autonomy
- The quality or state of being self-governing; independence
- Groupthink
- The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appaisal of alternatives
- Illusions
- Misrepresentations of physical stimuli.
- Introspection
- A method of self-observation in which participants report on their thoughts and feelings.
- Insight
- Grasping the inner nature of things intuitively
- Optic Nerve
- The cranial nerve that serves the retina
- Ageism
- Prejudice or discrimination based on age, especially against the elderly.
- Insomnia
- An inability to sleep
- Reinforcement
- A stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it
- Psychiatry
- A branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders.
- Correlation
- Measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data.
- Stagnation
- A discontinuation of development and a desire to recapture the past, characteristics of midle age.
- Token Economy
- An operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior
- Schizophrenia
- any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact
- Generativity
- The desire in middle age to use one's accumulated wisdon to guide future generations.
- Hormones
- Chemical "messengers" of the endocrine system that are released into the blood
- Memory
- The cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered
- Delusion
- An erroneous belief that is held in the face of evidence to the contrary
- Pupil
- Contractile aperture in the iris of the eye
- Retina
- The light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball
- Eustress
- Good or positive stress
- Reliability
- The trait of being dependable or reliable; The extent to which a test yields consistent results
- Homeostasis
- The steady state of physiological condition of the body
- Intellectualization
- A defense mechanism that uses reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflict
- Confabulation
- A plausible but imagined memory that fills in gaps in what is remembered
- Psychophysics
- The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
- Structuralist
- Psychologist who studied the basic elements that make up the conscious mental experiences.
- Phobia
- An anxiety disorder characterized by extreme and irrational fear of simple things or social situations
- Socialization
- The process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which someone is born and will live.
- Hypnosis
- A state of great mental and physical relaxation during which a person is very open to suggestion
- Heuristic
- A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
- Withdrawal
- the act of withdrawing; departure
- Archetype
- an original model on which something is patterned
- Superego
- The part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience
- Stereotype
- A distorted, exaggerated, or oversimplified image applied to a category of people
- Transference
- The process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another
- Psychologist
- A scientist who studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals
- Bipolar Disorder
- A mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression
- Internalization
- The process in which people take as their own and accept as binding the norms, values, beliefs, and language needed to participate in the larger community
- Interference
- The process that occurs when remembering certain information is hampered by the presence of other information
- Shaping
- The process of reinforcing responses that come successively closer to the desired response
- Biofeedback
- A system for electonically recording, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressre or muscle tension
- Persuasion
- The act of inducing others to undertake a course of action or embrace a point of view.
- Algorithm
- An established procedure for solving a problem or equation
- Placebo Effect
- Any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent
- Neurons
- The long, thin cell that constitute the structural and functional unit of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain.
- Narcolepsy
- A sleep disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep
- Syntax
- The grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
- Hypothesis
- An assumption or prediction about behavior or an educated guess about the relationship between two variables that is tested through scientific research.
- Id
- Primitive instincts and energies underlying all psychic activity
- Ego
- The conscious mind
- Resynthesis
- The process of combining old ideas with new one's and reoranizing feelings in order to renew one's identity
- Ideology
- Comprehensive set of beliefs about the nature of people and about the role of an institution or government
- Lobes
- Divisions of the lungs by fissues, two in the left lung and three in the right
- Comparable Worth
- Principle of equal pay for different jobs of equal worth.
- Norms
- Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
- Generalization
- Transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus
- Complementarity
- The interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other
- Schemas
- Cognitive structures that influence how information from the environment is perceived, stored, and remembered
- Perception
- The process by which incoming stimuli activate our sensory receptors eyes, ears, taste buds, skin, and so on.
- Gestalt
- A configuration or pattern of elements so unified as a whole that it cannot be described merely as a sum of its parts
- Conformity
- Acting in accord with group norms or customs.
- Obedience
- The trait of being willing to obey; the act of obeying
- Resistance
- The action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with
- Constancy
- The tendency to perceive certain objects in the same way regardless of changing angle, distance, or lighting
- Gerontology
- Study of the elderly; aging
- Empathy
- Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives
- Forebrain
- The anterior portion of the brain
- Discrimination
- Unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice
- Chunking
- The configuration of smaller units of information into large coordinated units
- Genes
- Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
- Hindbrain
- Includes cerebellum and two structures found in lower part of brain stem; Essential functions breathing muscles tones
- Kinesthesis
- The ability to feel movements of the limbs and body
- Semantics
- The study of language meaning
- Clique
- A small, exclusive group of people within a larger group.
- Validity
- The degree to which an operational definition measures what it claims to measure.
- Recombination
- Rearranging elements of a problem in order to arrive at an original solution
- Psychology
- The scientific, systematic study of behavior & mental process.
- Midbrain
- Segment of brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and forebrain Sensory processing vision and hearing
- Rationalization
- Process where by an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasent emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his or her self esteem.
- Modeling
- the act of representing something; learning by imitating others; copying behavior
- Psychoanalysis
- A set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders
- Thanatology
- Study of dying and death.
- Extinction
- In operant conditioning, the loss of a behavior when no consequence follows it; In classical conditioning, the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus
- Theory
- A set of assumptions used to explain why something is the way it is and happen s the way it does.
- Anxiety
- A vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some misfortune
- Catharsis
- A clensing or purging that releases emotions
- Addiction
- Being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming
- Meditation
- Continuous and profound contemplation or musing on a subject or series of subjects of a deep or abstruse nature
- Sensation
- Fhe faculty through which the external world is apprehended
- Androgynous
- Combining or blending traditionally male and female characteristics.
- Psychotherapy
- The treatment of mental or emotional problems by psychological means
- Visualization
- A mental image that is similar to a visual perception, a mental image that is similar to a visual perception
- Altruism
- The quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others