Psychology ch. 7-8
Terms
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- depressants
- drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
- generalization
- the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
- THC
- The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
- monism
- The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.
- primary reinforcer
- An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
- partial reinforcement
- reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
- amphetamines
- drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
- night terrors
- A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal adn an appearance of being terrified; unlike naightmares, night teffors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, adn are seldom remembered.
- respondent behavior
- behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.
- posthypnotic amnesia
- supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by hypnotist;s suggestion
- conditioned stimulus(CS)
- in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
- operant chamber
- a chamber, also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
- modeling
- the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
- psychological dependence
- a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
- law of effect
- Thorndike's principle that behaviours followed by favourable consequences followed by unfavourable consequences become less likely
- stimulants
- Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
- biological rhythms
- Periodic physiological fluctuations
- dream
- a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind
- acquisition
- the initial stage in classical conditioning, the phase associating a neural stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.
- behaviorism
- The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior withough reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
- hallucinations
- false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
- REM rebound
- the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
- fixed interval schedule
- in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after s specific time has elapsed
- dissociation
- a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
- extinction
- the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
- spontaneous recovery
- the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response
- manifest content
- according to freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent content).
- hidden observer
- Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, that go unreported during hypnosis
- tolerance
- the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
- narcolepsy
- sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis, and dreams intruding while awake
- operant behavior
- behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
- learning
- A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience.
- variable ratio schedule
- in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforment that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
- REM sleep
- rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
- punishment
- an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
- insomnia
- recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
- circadian rhythm
- the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
- barbiturates
- Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
- unconditioned response (UCR)
- in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- sleep apnea
- a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings
- classical conditioning
- A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates adn prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
- LSD
- A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).
- reinforcer
- In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
- intrinsic motivation
- a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
- observational learning
- learning by observing others
- sleep
- a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended
- hypnosis
- a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur
- conditioned response (CR)
- in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS)
- associative learning
- Learnign that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
- latent learning
- learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it
- extrinsic motivation
- a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
- fixed-ratio schedule
- in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforment that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
- operant conditioning
- a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
- discrimination
- in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
- opiates
- opium and its derivatives (like morphine and heroin). Depress neural functioning. Blissful pleasure replaces pain and anxiety. Cravings lead to need for larger dose. Can cause overdose/death, or brain to stop producing natural opiates.
- variable interval schedule
- in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredicatble time intervals
- mirror neurons
- Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions of when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
- unconditioned stimulus(UCS)
- in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response
- prosocial behavior
- positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior
- alpha waves
- the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state
- overjustification effect
- the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.
- shaping
- in operant conditioning, a procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior toward closer approximations of the desired goal
- dualism
- The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact.
- latent content
- According the Frued, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety valve.
- consciousness
- our awareness of ourselves and our environment
- posthypnotic suggestion
- A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicans to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
- cognitive map
- A mental representation of the layout of one's environmnet. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
- hallucinogens
- Psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
- ecstasy
- a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy
- conditioned reinforcer
- a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer.
- physical dependence
- a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
- continuous reinforcement
- reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs