Exam # 3
Terms
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- Connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber.
- Endomysium
- A bundle of muscle fibers.
- Fascicle
- Connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers).
- Perimysium
- The outtermost layer of muscle.
- Epimysium
- Connective tissue sheets that separate each muscle.
- Fascia
- The part of the muscle that moves the least. Usually either proximal or medial to the body. (stationary)
- Origin
- The part of the muscle that moves the most. Usually either distal or lateral to the body. (mobile)
- Insertion
- Dense connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.
- Tendon
- Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.
- Sarcolemma
- Cytoplasm of muscle fiber that contains special enzymes.
- Sarcoplasm
- A bundle of myofilaments forming an internal subdivision of a cardiac or skeletal muscle cell.
- Myofibrils
- Proteins responsible for contraction of a muscle cell, composed mainly of actin and myosin.
- Myofilaments
- The portion of a myofibril from one Z line to the next. Contractile of a muscle fiber.
- Sarcomere
- Smooth ER of a muscle cell serving as a resevior for calcium ions.
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- Extensions of the sarcolemma that connects to the cristerae.
- T-tubules
- Increase in action potential when Sodium diffuses into a cell.
- Depolarization
- Decrease in action potential when Potassium diffuses out of a cell.
- Repolarization
- Dumps the ACh molecules onto the cell membrane.
- Axon Terminal
- A junction between two exciteable cells.
- Synapse
- A synapse between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber.
- Neuromuscular Junction
- A small gap that separates two cells.
- Synaptic Cleft
- A neurotransmitter released by neurons.
- ACh
- Depression on the sarcolemma that contains neurotransmiter receptors.
- Motor End Plate
- The hardening of muscles and the stiffening of the body.
- Rigor Mortis
- All muscle cells controlled by a single motor neuron.
- Motor Unit
- Responses of a muscle to a single brief threshold stimulus.
- Muscle Twitch
- Time between stimulus and contraction the a muscle fiber.
- Latent Period
- The period in which the sliding filament theory occurs.
- Contraction Phase
- The muscle relaxes, nerve signals are not sent.
- Relaxation Phase
- Sarcomeres cannot retun to resting length.
- Wave Summation
- As a muscle repeatedly contracts, it has no time to relax.
- Tetanus
- Muscle is unable to contract.
- Muscle Fatigue
- A recruitment of more motor units.
- Multiple Motor Unit Summation
- These allow the brain to know what condition the muscle is in.
- Muscle Spindles
- This moves a phosphate from an ADP to another ADP to create ATP.
- Myokinase
- Compounds that serves as an alternative energy source for muscle.
- Creatine Phosphate
- A process such as glycolysis that requires NO oxygen to produce energy.
- Aerobic Process
- Two cycles such as the Kreb's Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorilation that need oxygen in order to create ATP.
- Anaerobic Process
- The volume of oxygen required after exercise to oxidize the lactice acid.
- The Oxygen Debt
- A synthesis reaction.
- Anabolism
- The decomposition of a reaction.
- Catabolism
- Supplying the cells of the body with oxygen and disposing carbon dioxide.
- Respiration
- Chemical reactions that results in the production of ATP.
- Cellular respiration
- Coupled reactions that pass energy in the form of electrons.
- Redox Reactions
- These coenzymes are constantly being oxidized and reduced to transport electrons and hydrogen ions.
- NAD and FAD