Human experience in health exam 2a

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normal specific gravity for urine: 1.003-1.030
normal pH range of urine: 4.5-7.8
albumin normal serum levels: 3.8-4.5 g/dl
describes the normal distribution of fluid in the ICF and ECF compartments: first spacing
abnormal accumulation of intersticial fluid (type of spacing) (i.e. edema): second spacing
type of spacing that occurs when fluid accumulates in a portion of the body from which it is not easily exchanged w/ the rest of the ECF (ie,edema ass. w/ burns): third spacing
what is the most critical ion?: potassium
what is the normal range for K+?: 3.5-5
high osmolarity can cause?: dehydration
what is the most prevelant intracellular cation?: K+
If one had a crushing injury, what electrolyte might be elevated?: K+
a low level of potassium can cause an increased toxity to what?: digitalis
how should oral K+ be given?: w/ food because it can upset the stomach otherwise
what is the maintenance dose of potassium?: 40-80 mEQ/day
what might be ordered to ensure excretion of K+ from the body?: KayExalate (in oral or rectal form)
what is the normal serum level for Ca++?: 9-11 mg/dl
what products promote calcium loss?: milk and carbonated beverages because they contain phosphate
what must calcium be given w/ to promote absorption?: vitamin D
what is the serum range for Sodium?: 135-145 mEq/L
aging accounts for a loss in...from the kidneys, which are depleted to 40% fewer functioning...than in early adulthood: nephrons
what are some effects of aging on the urniary system?: bladder capaciy decreases, involuntary contractions increase, ADH is less active at night
what is the normal creatinine serum level?: 0.5-1.5 mg/dl
what is the normal BUN serum level?: 5-25 mg/dl
what is the normal ratio between BUN/Cratinine: 10:1
a ration of BUN/Creatinine <10:1 is indicative of what?: acute tubular necrosis, liver disease, hemodialisis, malnutrition
a ration of BUN/cratinine > 10:1 is indiciative of what?: reduced renal profussion, muscle destruction, hypotension, shock, GI bleeding
what is the adult range of serum osmolality?: 280-300 mOsm/kg H2O
what does elevated osmolality indicate?: dehydration
what does decreased osmolality indicate?: overhydration or hemodilution
Hypervolemia indicates a shift in fluid to where?: from the interstitial to the plasma
what are some clinical manifestations of hypervolemia?: hyptertension, tachycardia, distended jugulars, gallop, edema, moist lung sounds, bulging fontanels
how is hypervolemia treated?: diuretics, fluid restriction, primary dialysis if life threatening
blisters are what type of fluid spacing?: third
the .....releases ACTH?: anterior pituitary
aldosterone acts specifically on...: sodium
to maintain cation balance, when sodium is excreted,....is reabsorbed: potassium
Urine osmolalaity is normally in what range?: 100-1300 mOsm/kg H2O
what is released by the right atrium in response to stretch of the atrum from excess fluid volume?: atrial natriuretic hormone (ANF): decreases blood volume and BP
what diuretic is an example of a loop diuretic?: lasix
what is an example of a K+ sparing diuretic?: aldactone
what sorts of foods are high in potassium?: fruit, dried fruit, vegetables, salt substitutes
approximately how much of the total serum calcium is ionized?: 1/2
alterations in what serum protein can affect calcium levles?: albumin
calcium balance is controlled by what gland?: parathyriod
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) moves calcium from....to...: bone to blood
what is produced by the thyroid gland is stimulated by high serum calcium levles?: calcitonin
what are the functions of calcium?: transmission of nerve impulses, myocardial contractions, blood clotting, formation of teeth/bone, and muscle contractions
excess calcium blocks...: the effect of sodium in skeletal muscles, which leads to reduced excitability of both muscles and nerves
what are some signs of hypercalcemia?: decreased memory, confusion, disorientation, fatigue, muscle weakness, constipation, cardiac arrhythmias, renal calculi
trousseau's sign is...: carpal spasms induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the arm
chvostek's sign is...: contraction of facial muscles in response to a tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear
if the blood plasma has a higher osmolality than the fluid w/in a red blood cell, the mechanism involved in equalizing the fluid concentration is...: osmosis
a clinical indication of dehydration is...: weight loss
implementaion of nursing care for the patient with hyponatremia includes:: fluid restriction
a patient is reciving a loop diuretic. A symptom the nurse should be aware of is?: weak, irregular pulse/poor muscle tone
a 42-year-old woman w/ systemic lupus erythematosus and renal failure would be at risk for what electrolyte imbalance?: hypermagnesemia
a person who has undergone a thyroidectomy should be assesed for....: positive chvostek's sign
a person w/ hyperphosphatemia secondary to renal failure may require..: calcium supplements
how do the lungs act as a buffer between acids and bases?: by increasing respiratory rate/depth when CO2 levels in the blood are high, reducing acid load
a patien has: pH 7.52, PaCO2 30mmHg, HCO3- 24 mEq/L; the nurse det. that the patient has...: respiratory alkalosis
the typical fluid replacement for a patient w/ an ICF fluid deficit is...: hypotonic
foods that thicken the stool: applesauce, bananas, bread, cheese, high fiber foods, marshmallows, pasta, penut butter, rice, tapioca
foods that loosen stool: alcohol, beans, beer, chocolate, coffee, fried food, prune/grape juice, raw fruit/veg., spicy food, spinach
foods that may block an ileostomy: celery/coconut/coleslaw/corn/ nuts/popcorn/raisins/raw veggies/seeds/stringy meat

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