anatomy final 2

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the pineal gland secretes: glucagon
what hormone is responsible for programming T lymphocytes?: thymosin
the posterior pituitary gland secretes: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
the anterior pituitary gland secretes: growth hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (e-all are secreted by the anterior pituitary)
the hormone that is considered the basal metabolic hormone is: thyroxine
the thyroid gland secretes: thyroxine and calcitonin
the thymus gland secretes: thymosin
which hormone is the most important hormone regulating the amount of calcium circulating in the blood?: parathyroid hormone
the pancreas secretes: insulin and glucagon
the ovary secretes: progesterone and estrogen
this hormone is necessary for glucose to be taken up by body cells: insulin and glucagon
what hormone is a short term stress hormone?: epinephrine
the testes secretes: testosterone
which hormone is a short term stress hormone?: epinephrine
the parathyroid gland secretes: parathyroid hormone
abnormal hairiness, masculinization (what is produced in excessive amounts?): testosterone
abnormally small stature, normal proportions (what is produced in inadequate amounts?): growth hormones
bulging eyeballs, nervousness, increased pulse rate, weight loss (Graves' disease) (what is produced in excessive amounts?): testosterone
cretinism, a type of dwarfism in which the individual retains childlike proportions and is mentally retarded what is produced in inadequate amounts?: thyroxine
demineralization of bone, spontaneous fractures (what is produced in excessive amounts?): parathyroid
excessive thirst, high blood glucose levels, acidosis (what is produced in inadequate amounts?): insulin
excessive urination without high blood glucose levels, caused dehydration and tremendous thirst (what is produced in inadequate amounts?): antidiuretic hormone
goiter (what is produced in inadequate amounts?): thyroxine
lantern jaw, large hands and feet (acromegaly in adults) (what is produced in excessive amounts?): growth hormone
lethargy, falling hair, low basal metabolic rate, obesity (myxedema in the adult) (what is produced in inadequate amounts?): thyroxine
tetany (what is produced in inadequate amounts?): parathyroid hormone
the adrenal medulla secretes: epinephrine
abnormally large stature, relatively normal body proportions (what is produced in excessive amounts?): growth hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (Correct type of stimulus): hormonal
parathyroid hormone (Correct type of stimulus): humoral
insulin (Correct type of stimulus): humoral
thyroxine (Correct type of stimulus): hormonal
epinephrine (Correct type of stimulus): neural
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (Correct type of stimulus): neural
estrogen and progesterone (Correct type of stimulus): hormonal
calcitonin (Correct type of stimulus): calcitonin
The endocrine system's means of control is much ______ than that of the ______, the other major body system that acts to maintain homeostasis.: slower and more prolonged; nervous system
chemical messengers are called: hormones
only cells with the proper ________ on their cell membranes are activated by teh chemical messengers: receptors
most hormones are _________ molecules: steroid or amino acid-based
skeletal muscle isn't involved in: propulsions of a substance through an organ and maintaining posture
the component that releases calcium (calcium cow) during contraction: the BARN!!!!!! aka-sarcoplasmic reticulum
in comparing sarcomeres of a relaxed skeletal muscle, which of these would appear reduced in the contracted muscle fiver?: more than one is correct
after attachment of acetycholine to its receptors at the neuromuscular junction, the next stop is: transmit the action potential through the t-tubules
detachment of the crossbridges occurs directly after: attachment of ATP to myosin cross bridges
the connective tissue covering that encloses several muscle fibers is called the: perymysium
the function of the t-tubules in muscle contraction is: to provide a rapid means of transmission of the action potential deep into the muscle cell
the site where a nerve impulse is transmitted to the sarcolemma is the: neuromuscular junction
contraction elicited by a single brief stimulus is: a twitch
ATP directly powers: detachment of the myosin head to actin
the striation of a skeletal muscle cell are produced for teh most part by: arrangements of myofilaments
where are the binding sites found to which cross bridges attach during muscle contraction?: actin
the chemical that transmits a nerve stimulus to a muscle fiber is a: acetycholine
while the cell is in its resting potential: the inside of the cell is negative while the outside is positive
a contraction in which a muscle doesn't shorten but tension increases is called: isometric
once Ach binds to the sarcolemma: the Na gates open and the cell is depolarized
an inrease in a stimulus to a muscle cell will cause: recruitment of more molar units
Ca can be said to be a "trigger" for muscle contraction because it causes: binding sites on actin to be revealed
a sarcomere is best described as: a unit within a myofibril
myofibrils are composed primarily of: actin and myosin
a muscle cramp is likely due to a lack of: ATP
a motor unit includes: several muscle fibers and one motor neuron
the all or none response means: when a muscle fiber contracts, it contracts completely
Rig or MORtis that occurs in skeletal muscles a few hours after death is: excessive ATP which prevents muscle contraction
recruitment of a small number of motor units are associated with a lot of the following except: power
holding up the corner of a heavy couch to vacuum under it involves: tetanus and isometric
if a muscle were in a state of full contraction and calcium stores were completely removed from all muscle cells in an instant, the: muscle would relax and its ATP levels would remain high and the muscle would return to its resting state even under continuous stimulation
which of the following would be associated with a skeletal muscle fascicle: perimysium
in comparing electron micrographs of a relaxed skeletal muscle and a fully contracted muscle fiber which would be seen only in the relaxed fiber: A bands and H zones
large white fibers: fast twitch
creates fast contractions but fatigues quickly: fast twitch
red fibers, smallest of the fiber types: slow twitch
contain abundant mitochondria and a rich blood supply with a medium power output: intermediate twitch
fatigue quickly: fast twitch
creates fast contraction and a fatigue resistant: intermediate contraction
largest fiber types: fast twitch
a sarcomere is the distance between 2 _______: z lines
the myosin filaments are located in the: a band
the thicker filaments are the _______ filaments: myosin
the ________ contains only the actin filaments: I band
actin or myosin containing structure: myofilament
extension of teh muscle connective tissue attaching a muscle to bone: tendon
plasma membrane of the muscle cell: sarcolemma
cylindrical organelle that has a banded appearance: myofibril
smallest portion of a muscle's contracting unit: sarcomere
in adults, blood cells are formed in: red bone marrow
the contracting layer of the heart is: myocardium
the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is: tricuspid
blood enters left atrium of the heart through: pulmonary veins
deoxygenated blood enters the heart in: right atrium
the period of emptying ventricles of blood is: ventricular systole
parts of the conduction system include all except: coronary sinus
what depolarizes next after SA node?: AV node
condition associated with plaque buildup: atherosclerosis
P wave of normal electrocardiogram indicates: atrial depolarization
which wave corresponds with ventricular systole: QRS complex
which occurs soon after onset of ventricular systole?: closure of AV valves
opening of semilunar valves
pressure in ventricles increase
blood rushes into major arteries
normal heart sounds are associated with which of teh following activities: closure of heart valves
blood enters which of these vessels during ventricular systole: coronary arteries
the term for pain associated with defficient blood delivery to heart that may be caused by artery blockage or artery spasm: angina
blood cells that engulf bacteria during short term infections are called: neutrophils
blood leaves the heart via the: arteries
the myocardium receives its blood supply diretly from the: coronary arteries
an EKG provides direct information about valve impairment: false
the atria receive all the blood returnign to the heart (true/false): true
blood within the bpulmonary veins return to the: left atrium
the initial stimulus for red blood cell formation is: decreasing O2 levels
organs responsible for the removal of dead RBC: liver and spleen
discharges blood into the systemic circuit: left ventricle
chambers that receive oxygenated blood: left atrium
chambers that receive deoxygenated blood: right atrium
discharges blood into the pulmonary circuit: right ventricle
which enzymes are associated iwth the digestion of carbs?: amylase
which enzymes are associated with the digestion of proteins?: pepsin
functions of the large intestines include all of the following except: absorption of lipids
the gall bladder: stores bile
the digestive juice produce containing enzymes capable of digesting all food stuff categories is: gastric
the salivary glands produce an enzyme that digests: starches
the structure within the small intestines that increases surface area and thus aid in absorption of food are called: villi, microvilli, picae circulares
which enzyme is important for the absorption of vitamin B12?: intrinsic phase
which phase of gastric secretion is a conditioned reflex?: cephalic phase
which of the following stimulates the secretin of gastric juice?: distension of stomach, aroma or sight of food, distension of small intestines
contraction of the stomach causes: mechanical digestion and propulsion
the liver: produces bile
insulin: lowers blood glucose levels
glycogen: raises blood glucose levels
signs of diabetes mellitus: excessive thirst, excessive urine production, excessive hunger
starch digestion begins in the mouth when __________ is secreted: salivary amylase
proteins food are largely acted on in the stomach by _________: pepsin
a nonenzyme substance that emulsifies fats: bile
an indigestible substance: cellulose
secreted by the pancreas: insulin
mixes food in the mouth and initiates swallowing: tongue
a food chute, has no digestive or absorption role: esophagus
organ in which starch digestion begins: mouth
organ responsible for the food digestion: small intestine
receives pancreatic juice and bile: duodenum
process by which the products of digestion pass throught the gastric intestinal tract into the blood: absorption
process of taking food into the digestive tract: ingestion
sequential waves of contraction and relaxation of teh muscular layer, propelling food through the digestive tract: peristalsis
chemical and mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs to substances that can be absorbed: digestion
elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus: defecation
primarily involved in water absorption and feces formation: colon
responsible for most food and water absorption: small intestine
projections of the intestinal mulcose that increasess the surface area: villae
folds of teh small intestine wall: plicae circulares
projections of the plasma membraneof a cell that increases the surface area: villae
folds of the small intestine wall: plicae cirulares
projections of teh plasma membrane of a cell that increases the cell's surface area: microvillae
volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to movement of gases to equalize pressure true/false: true
Henry's law states that total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture true/false: false
when diaphragm contracts, volume of thoracic cavity decreases true/false: true
continuous changing and refreshing of air in sacs of lungs is called respiratory gas transport true/false: false
normal quiet breathing is called tidal volume true/false: true
the greater the concentration of a gas in a gas mixture, the greater its partial pressure true/false: true
hyperbaric conditions occur when atmospheric pressure is increased true/false: true
the process by which cells receive oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide is: internal respiration
pressure in bronchial tubes and alveoli is called: intrapulmonary pressure
which of the following determines direction of gas movement with lungs: partial pressure gradient
when the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostals) contract: size of thorax increases in diameter, size of thorax increases in length, pressure in thorax decreases
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in lungs and through cell membranes by: diffusion
during inspiration, pressure in alveoli: decreases
tidal volume is air that is: exchanged during normal breathing
prior to inspiration, thoracic volume __________ and intrapulmonary pressure _____________: increases, decreases
intrapulmonary pressure is always________ intrapleural pressure: greater than
amount of air that enters lungs during normal inspiration is: tidal volume
amount of air you can still inhale after normal amount is: internal respiratory volume
the largest amount of air an individual can move in and out of lungs is: vital capacity
which of the following has highest partial pressure of carbon doxide?: tissue cells
compared with inhaled air, exhaled air contains less: oxygen
pressure in thorax decreases as: lungs inflate
continuous cycle of inspiration and expiration is known as: pulmonary ventilation
blood flowing from heart to capillaries around each alveolus contains large amounts of: carbon dioxide
repiration refers to: transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood, movement of air in and out of lungs, gas exchange betewen blood and air in lungs
what does the brain monitor for regulationof breathing?: levels of carbon dioxide
which has the highest partial pressure of oxygen? inspired air or expired air: inspired air
which has the highest partial pressure of oxygen? tissues or alveoli of lungs: alveoli
which has the highest partial pressure of oxygen? blood in systemic arteries, blood in systemic veins: blood in systemic arteries
which has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide? inspired air/expired air: expired air
which has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide? tissues/alveoli of lungs: tissues
which has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide? blood in systemic arteries/blood in systemic veins: blood in systemic veins

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