PY101 CH.3
Terms
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- cell body, contains the cell nu- cleus and much of the chemical machinery com- mon to most cells
- Soma
- the parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive infor- mation
- dendrites
- a long, thin fi ber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands
- axon
- individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.
- neurons
- which are small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
- terminal buttons
- a junction where informa- tion is transmitted from one neuron to another
- synapse
- cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons.
- glia
- stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive.
- resting potential
- a very brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels along an axon
- action potential
- the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.
- absolute refractory period
- a microscopic gap between the termi- nal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron
- synaptic cleft
- chemicals that transmit informa- tion from one neuron to another
- neurotransmitters
- a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane.
- postsynaptric potential
- a process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane.
- reuptake
- a chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.
- agonist
- a chemi- cal that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter.
- antagonist
- Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal, and memory Some ACh receptors stimulated by nicotine
- acetylcholine - alzheimers
-
ontributes to control of voluntary movement Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at DA synapses Dopamine circuits in medial forebrain bundle characterized as “reward pathwayâ€
- dopamine - parkinsons, schizophrenic, addictive
-
Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at NE synapses
- norepinephrine - depressive
-
Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, aggression Prozac and similar antidepressant drugs aשּׁ ect serotonin circuits
- serotonin - depressive, obsessive, eating
-
Serves as widely distributed inhibitory transmitter, contributing to regulation of anxiety and sleep/arousal Valium and similar antianxiety drugs work at GABA synapses
- gaba - anxiety
- Serves as widely distributed excitatory transmitter Involved in learning and memory
- glutamine - schizophrenia
-
esemble opiate drugs in structure and eשּׁ ects Play role in pain relief and response to stress Contribute to regulation of eating behavior
- endorphins
- made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord
- peripheral nervous system
- bundles of neuron fi bers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system
- nerves
- made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors
- somatic nervous system
- axons that carry information inward to the central ner- vous system from the periphery of the body.
- afferent nerve fibers
- made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.
- autonomic nervous system
- the branch of the au- tonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s resources for emergencies
- sympathetic division - fight or flight
- the branch of the au- tonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources
- parasympathetic division - slow heart rate, re- duce blood pressure, and promote digestion.
- consists of the brain and the spinal cord
- central nervous system
- involves sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it
- electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
- a new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a speciï¬ c area of the brain. In TMS, a magnetic coil mounted on a small paddle is held over a speciï¬ c area of a subject’s head
- transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
- includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brain- stem: the medulla and the pons
- hind brain
- involved in sleep and arousal
- pons
- part of limbic system involved in learning and memory
- hippocampus
- master gland - regulates other glands
- pituitary
- responsible for regulating basic biological needs; hunger, thirst, temperature control
- hypothalamus
- part of limbic system involved in emotion and aggression.
- amyglada
- responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness, and voluntary movement
- cerebrum
- bridge between two hemispheres of the brain
- corpus callosum
- relay center for cortex, handles incoming, outcoming signals
- thalamus
- coordinates muscle movement, balance
- cerebellum
- reticular formation
- stimulates sleep and arousal through brain stem
- responsible for transmitting information between brain and rest of body
- spinal chord
- outer layer of cererum
- cerebral cortex
- the formation of new neurons
- neurogenesis
- characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes
- polygenic traits
- is the sum of an indi- vidual’s own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of others
- inclusive fitness