AP Test 1 Review
Terms
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- Cephalic
- Pertaining to the head
- Facial
- Pertaining to the face
- Frontal
- Pertaining to the forehead
- Orbital
- Eye
- Otic
- Ear
- Nasal
- Nose
- Buccal
- Cheek
- Oral
- Mouth
- Mental
- Chin
- Cranial
- Portion of the skull around the brain
- Occipital
- Back of the head
- Cervical
- Neck
- Thoracic
- Chest
- Pectoral
- Breast
- Sternal
- Breast Bone
- Umbilical
- Navel
- Coxal
- Hip
- Pubic
- Genital Area
- Dorsal
- Back
- Scapular
- Shoulder Blade Region
- Vertebral
- Spinal Column
- Lumbar
- Area of the back between the lowest rib and buttocks
- Superior
- Above
- Inferior
- Below
- Anterior (Ventral)
-
Closer to the front of the body
Ex. The lips are anterior to the teeth - Posterior (Dorsal)
-
Closer to the back of the body
Ex. The teeth are posterior to the lips - Medial
-
Closer to the midline of the body
Ex. The nose is medial to the eyes - Lateral
-
Farther from the midline of the body
Ex. The eyes are lateral to the nose - Intermediate
-
Between two structures
Ex. The elbow is intermediate between the shoulder and the wrist - Ipsilateral
-
On the same side of the body
Ex. The right arm and right leg are ipsilateral - Contralateral
-
On opposite sides of the body
Ex. The right arm and left arm are contralateral - Proximal
-
Nearer to point of attachment of limb to trunk
Ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist - Distal
-
Father from point of attachment of limb to trunk
Ex. The wrist is distal to the elbow - Superficial
-
Closer to the surface of the body
Ex. The skin is superficial to the muscles - Deep
- Farther from the surface of the body
- Frontal plane
- Passes vertically through the body or organs and produces an anterior and posterior sections
- Transverse Plane
- Passes horizontally through the body and produces superior and inferior sections
- Midsagittal
- Plane
- Midsagittal Plane
- Divides the body into symmetric right and left portions
- Parasagittal Plane
- Divides the body into unequal right and left portions
- Oblique Plane
- Pass through the body at an angle forming oblique sections
- Cardiovascular System
-
Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, gases and wastes in the blood
Organs:Heart and blood vessels - Respiratory System
-
Adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood; maintenance of carbon dioxide levels help regulate pH
Organs: Nose, pharynx (throat), trachea, bronchi, lungs - Digestive System
-
Breaks down food into units that can be absorbed into the body; eliminates wastes and nondigestible fiber in food
Organs: Mouth, pharynx, esphagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder - Urinary System
-
Removes nitrogenous wastes; maintains body fluid volume, pH, and electrolyte levels through urine production
Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra - Integumentary System
-
Provides a protective barrier for the body and aid in production of vitamin D; contains sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature
Organs: Skin, skin structures (hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands) - Lymphatic and Immune Systems
-
Returns fluid to cardiovascular system; detects, filters, and eliminates disease-causing organisms, including cancer cells
Organs: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow - Skeletal System
-
Protects major organs; provides levers and support for body movement
Organs: Bones - Muscular System
-
Moves bones and maintains posture
Organs: Skeletal muscles - Nervous System
-
Controls cell function with electrical signals; helps control body homeostasis
Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves - Endocrine System
-
Controls cell functions with horomones, helps control homeostasis
Organs: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyriod, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes - Reproductive Systems
-
Produces gametes
Male:testes, epididymis, ductus, deferens, prostate, penis
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina - Pericardial Cavity
- Surrounds the heart
- Pleural Cavities
- Surround each lung
- Mediastinum
-
Extends from the sternum to the vertebral column
Organs: Heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, bronchi -
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity -
Superior portion located between the diaphragm superiorly and the brim of the pelvis
Organs: stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, kidney, appendix, large intestine - Pelvic
-
Between the pelvic brim and body wall
Organs:large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs -
Serous membrane
Visceral layer - Covers the organ
-
Serous membrane
Parietal layer - attaches to and covers the ventral body wall
- Peritoneum
- Covers the abdomen
- Mesentery
- Encircles and holds the small intestine to the dorsal body wall
- Greater Omentum
- Suspended from the inferior portion of the stomach and covers the intestines in a similar manner to an apron
- Lesser omentum
- Suspends the superior portion of the stomach to the liver
- Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- Receptor, Control, Effector