11.09.06 b

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When the K+ moves across the heart, what does it drop down into?: Transverse tubules
does the voltage change when the K+ moves into the T-tubules? explain: yes from -70mV to -50mV
when the k+ moves down the t-tubules and voltage changes to -50mV, what is released?: Ca++
Is Ca++ release the same way as K+ in the artia?: yes
what triggers the contraction of the heart?: Ca++
Does the contraction happen in a particular way? explain: yes,it contracts downward because we want the ventrcial to contract upward
what is the difference between Ca++ gates in cardic muscle Vs. skeletal muscle cells? Explain: Ca++ gates in cardic are slower allowing more Ca++ to close.
Which muscle cell (Cardic or skeletal) is able to release more Ca++?: Cardic
what is the major reason that Ca++ gates are slow to close?: the more Ca++ released the harder the contraction.
Which muscle has a greater force of contraction?: Cardic
What cause the ca++ to have a greater contraction? Explain: the more Ca++ released, the more actin and myosin that can bind.
What are the speclized cells that the K+ moves down through?: Bundle of hess or bundle branches
What is the reason for ventrical diastole?: when the K+ moves down through the bundles of hess no contraction can occure.
When does the K+ move up through the ventricular muscle?: when the K+ gets to the Apex of the heart.
what follows the K+ moving up through the ventricular muscle? Why?: Ca++ to trigger the contraction.
when the ventrcals can not contract, what is this called?: A bundle branch block.
what keeps the 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in on the SA nodes?: Na+ K+ pump
what is the major diffrence between the SA node cell Vs. and other cell? explain: there is a force field around the cell, not allowing K+ to defuss out
what is impermiable in the SA node?: K+
What is decresed in the SA node?: K+ permiablity
what happens to the voltage in the SA node when the Na+ dufusses in and the K+ is impermiable?: The voltage goes up to -50mV to trigger action potentals.
when does the K+ start to flow in the SA node?: after the action potental
when their is a decrease in K+ permiability, what does this cause?: a heart beat
what turns of K+ from being defussed out in the heart?: SA nodes cells
At what rate is the K+ defused out? why?: 72 times per minute
because that is how often a heart beats per minute
How is a heart beat triggered?: by K+ permibility
what is the heart rate of men and women in their 40's?: men 72

women 82
what is the trigger herat rate for GAS?: 92 beats per/min
how do you increase heart rate?: Block K+ (decrease K+ permibility) from leaving the cells more times then 72 times per/min
how do you decreade heart rate?: increase K+ permibility
What is the AV node for? what is it rate?: It is a back up system

52 beats per/min
what happends when the SA node goes bad?: you have to get a pacemaker.
what is a negative for the AV node to take over?: it starts in the wrong place, now the atria can't contract. this can cause death
When do people usually find out that their SA node is bad?: when they are sleeping
what is the SA node naturally called?: The pacemaker
what does a pacemaker do?: it sends a electrical charge to change voltage to trigger an action potential.
Is there communication between the SA node and the AV node?: no
how do you increase the rate at which the SA node beats at?: their are receptors for EPI and Nor Epi on the SA node cells
what happens when Epi and Nor Epi bind to the receptors on the SA node?: it will decrease K+ permibility more times per/min causing, a faster heart rate.
what controls the SA nodes cells?: the symthethic nerve system and the adrenal medulla
what if you what your heart rate to go down?: their are receptors for acytocholine, inturn causing the heart rate to decrease
whare is acytocholine released from?: the parasympatic nerve system
what does acytocholine do in the heart?: it lowers the heart rate by increasing K+ permability
What is the name of the receptor for acytocholine?: Alpha receptors
What is the name of the receptor for EPI and Nor Epi?: Beta receptors
what is the responce of the heart if you give a person a beta blocker?: the heart rate would decrease
what is the correrlation between heart rate and blood pressure?: If heart rate goes up blood pressure goes up
what maintains the health of the Alpha and Beta receptors on the SA nodes?: by thyroid hormones
what happens if your thyroid hormones go down?: you can loose receptors on the heart. especially beta receptors
When you look at a EKG what do you see?: the changes in voltage
On the EKG what is the rise on the P wave?: atrial depolarzation. the movement of K+ from the right to left side of heart
what does Q repersent?: the wave down the bundle of hess.
what is the Q R S complex representing?: Ventricular depolarzation.
What is the lowering of the P wave?: The K+ going down the atria
what happens after the P wave?: a contraction thre the valve will snap shut.
what does the R represent?: the movement through the purkinge fibers. up and out
what does the S represent?: the contractions of the papuary muscles.
How often do you have an S on an EKG?: seldom
what does the T wave repersent?: ventricular repolarzation
do we have a atrail repolarization? Why: no, it under the Q R S complex
what are PVC?: preventricular contractions
1. explain the contractile proceses of cardic muscle. Then explain the changes: essay part 1
2. Begin with the pacemaker cells, and how the ions flow through the muscle to cause contraction.: essay part 2
3. that must occur do to the sym and para sym. nerver system: essay part 3
what are the ventricular cells called?: purkinje cells

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