biology 1 lecture outline 7

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What is the function of the reproductive system?: reproduction - if there is no reproduction, extinction occurs
What do the testes do?: produces sperm and secondary sex hormone
What does the epididymis do?: stores sperm
What do the seminal vesicles do?: adds liqueds that are slightly basic in Ph
What does the prostate Gland do?: add more liqueds, mostly water and a lot of fructose to give energy to the sperm
What does the ejaculatory duct do?: is inside the prostate gland, surrounds urethra, provides force for ejaculation
What does the urethra do?: tube leading form bladder to outside voiding urine and semen
What does the Cowper's gland do?: add more fluid that is slightly basic
What is the penis?: the external portion, it contains cavernous tissue.
What is the glans penis?: knobby portion at the end of the penis. very sensitive and there for sexual arousal
What is the foreskin?: skin that covers the glans penis and what is removed during circumsision
What is semen?: collection of sperm and fluids that is added as it goes through the reproductive system
describe sperm?: main component in semen, have flagella and have 23 chromosomes
what is a good sperm count?: 50-100 mil/ mL
what is the ovary?: produces the egg and primary sex hormones
What is the oviduct?: conducts the egg from ovaries, where fertilization occurs
what is the uterus?: muscular chamber where a fertilization egg will be implanted and grow into a fetus
What is the cervix: opening of uterus
What is the vagina?: muscular tube - 2 functions (1)copulation, (2)birth canal
What is the vulva?: series of folds on exit of vagina
What is the Labia Majora?: outer most fold of skin, larger
What is the Labia Minora?: inner most fold of skin, smaller
What is the glans clitoris?: above or anterior to the folds for sexual arousal
In the uterine cycle, what occurs during days 1-5?: menstruation - estrogen levels are down, the lining of uterus desintagrates
In the uterine cycle, what occurs during days 6-13?: estrogen levels are up, around the egg the tissue in ovary will swell
In the uterine cycle, what occurs during day 14?: ovulation, the tissue bursts and egg breaks loose and released from ovary
In the uterine cycle, what occurs during days 15-28?: uterus begins to rethicken and if egg is fertilized then will be implanted
What are the breasts?: mammary glands - mammaries
What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone do in females?: promotes egg production
What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone do in males?: promotes sperm production
What does Luteinizing Hormone do in females?: promotes ovulation
What does Luteinizing Hormone do in males?: promotes testosterone formation
What does Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone do in females?: control the luteinizing of ovulation
What does Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone do in males?: control the luteinizing of testosterone formation
What does Estrogen do in females?: main hormone of female development of ovaries; primary sex hormone; secondary breast and body
What does Estrogen do in males?: lower levels in males cause smaller breasts and hair on face; all secondary
What does Testosterone do in females?: responsible for secondary characteristics
What does Testosterone do in males?: primary male sex hormone; development of testes and other sexual structures; secondary voice, hair, ect.
How effective is and what is a Vasectomy?: 100%
vas deferens cut and tied
How effective is and what is a Tubule Ligation?: 100%
oviducts are cut and tied
How effective is and what is a Hormonal Pill?: 99%
oral
How effective is and what is a Male Pill?: 99.9%
oral
How effective is and what is an IUD?: 90%
"inner uterine device"
plastic inserted into uterus
How effective is and what is a Diaphram?: 90%
latex cup over cervix
How effective is and what is a Cervical Cup?: 85%
latex suction that covers cervix
How effective is and what is a Condom?: 85% latex over penis
How effective is and what is a Spermicidal Creams?: 75%
chemical that kills sperm
How effective is and what is a Douche?: 70%
How effective is and what is a RU 486?: 95%
abortant drug
"Day after Pill"
oral
How effective is and what is a Depo-Provera?: 99%
injection - chemical that interrupts uterine cycle
How effective is and what are Implants?: 90%
progesterone release
How effective is and what is a Hysterectomy?: 100%
removal of part or all of uterus
How effective is and what is a Rhythm Method?: 70%
not having sex during ovulation
Reproductive disorder: Infertility: 10% of US couples and children had them planned;
it may take 10 years to have 1 child
Reproductive disorder: Sterile: have no children - 15% of US couples
Reproductive disorder: AIDS: 2 virus - HIV1 and HIV2 lowers immune system
Reproductive disorder: Genital Warts: caused by HPV- external; can cause cervical cancer
Reproductive disorder: Genital Herpes: caused by HSV2
Reproductive disorder: Gonorrhea: caused by bacteria 'Neisseria gonorrhea' - venereal, causes urethritis and painful urination
Reproductive disorder: Chlamydia: caused by bacteria 'Chlamydia trachomatis' - #1 cause of blindness due to infection of newborns in birth canal
Reproductive disorder: Syphilis: caused by bacteria 'Treponemia pallidum' - causes chancre soars - can eat away at nervous system and drive infected insane
Reproductive disorder: Toxic Shock Syndrome: caused by bacteria 'Staphylococcus spp.' - blood infection, not tampons, not solely a female infection
Lice: 'Pediculus humanus' and 'Pediculus pubis' - carry many infections; either species can occur anywhere on body
Reproductive disorder: Prostatitis: inflammation of prostate-
can happen for any # of reasons
Reproductive disorder: Male Impotence: penis fails to remain erect
Reproductive disorder: Male Infertility: low sperm count - below 20 million/ml
Reproductive disorder: Amenorrhea: absence of menstruation in uterine cycle - #1 cause is malnurouishment
Reproductive disorder: Dysmenorrhea: painful menstruation; forceful contractions of uterus during menstruation
Reproductive disorder: Ovarian cyst: ovarian tissue that contains large amounts of fluid; not necessarily cancerous; can get enormous
Reproductive disorder: Endometriosis: uterine tissue growns into oviducts
Reproductive disorder: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: collective term in any infection of pelvis; usually associated with females
Reproductive disorder: Cervical Cancer: directly related to genital warts; occurs in young women; high fatality rate
Reproductive disorder: Breast Cancer: cancer of breast - not too bad if caught early, fatality rate is very high if caught late
Parts of the Nervous System?: brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Function of Nervous System: (1) to transmit impulses
(2) react to those impulses
What is a neuron?: a nerve cell; the main part of the nervous system
What are the Sensory neurons?: carries impulse from a sensory organ to the interneuron
What are the Interneurons?: carries impulse within the central nervous system
What are the Motor neurons?: carries impulse from interneurons to a reactor muscle or gland
What makes up the central nervous system?: brain and spinal cord
what are the portions of the brain: (1) cerebrum
(2) cerebellum
(3) medulla oblongata
what is the corpus collosum: connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum
What is the cerebrum: conscious portion of brain; all thought processes and all senses located here - includes personality; divided into 2 hemispheres
what is the cerebellum?: cauliflower shaped structure on back of cerebrum; control all muscle coordination, tone posture, balance, and control learned reflexes
what is the medulla oblongata: portion leading to spinal cord; controls the reflexes such as vomitting, sneezing, coughing, hiccups, ect. - also controls heart beat and respiratory
what is the spinal cord?: connect all the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system; responsible for some reflexes
What are the meninges: series of 3 membranes surrounding the central nervous system
what is the cerebrospinal fluid: between each membrane and inside brain and spinal cord
what is one function on the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid?: cushions the brain
what is the Peripheral Nervous System?: all nerves hanging off of central nervous system; all neurons exiting and entering the central nervous system
Nervous System Disorders: Parkinson's: defficiency of dopamine - dopamine is a chemical that allows impulses to happen; will affect the voluntary muscles and cause shaking
what is the circled area?: body
what is the circled area?: axon
what is the area indicated?: dendrites
what is the structures pointed out?: myelin sheath
what are the areas indicated?: node of ranvier
what are the knobs indicated?: axon knobs
Nervous System Disorder: Huntington's: deffiency of GABA (a neural transmitter); leads to loss of muscle control to the point of thrashing, insanity and eventually death
Nervous System Disorder: Neuritis: inflammation of the neurons
Nervous System Disorder: Cerebral Palsy: a group of disorders that all have similar characteristics; similar characteristics are all some sort of disorder affecting the fetus; could be mental and/or physical; usually caused by starvation of, drug use of, radiation exposure to, and/or chemical exposure to the pregnant mother
Nervous System Disorder: Epilepsy: short duration, yet recurrant where neurons malfunction; person will lapse into a daze (most common) or could begin thrashing (not so common)
Nervous System Disorder: Tay-Sachs: have fat build-up around the neurons (the myelin sheath part); is genetic; occurs mostly in eastern European, mostly in people of Jewish descent; result in paralysis; happens in children and they usually don't live past 3 to 4 years
Nervous System Disorder: Stroke: blockage of the brain
Nervous System Disorder: Dyslexia: fairly common disorder; have problems with letters and/or numbers and/or words
Nervous System Disorder: Reyes Syndrome: swelling of brain that can cause coma and death; typically in children; linked to virus and aspirin
Nervous System Disorder: Alzeimer's: unknown cause;
mostly hits elderly;
probably some sort of neural transmitter defiency;
starts with memory loss and just gets worse
Nervous System Disorder: Meningitis: inflammation on meninges (membranes around the brain and spinal cord);
could be any number of causes
Nervous System Disorder: Narcolepsy: cases of involuntary sleep;
absolutely zero control over it;
usually predictable as to when it will happen
what is vision?: just a component of the nervous system;
eye does not see- it is only a receptor, the brain actually sees;
describe: lens: responsible for focusing light rays;
close objects;
can see a distance without the lens
Describe: Iris: color portion, adjusts to allow amounts of light
Describe: Pupil: actually nothing, just a hole in the iris
Describe: Choroid: the middle layer of eye;
absorbs light
Describe: Sclera: outer-most part of the eye;
the white part;
kind of tough
Describe: Cornea: outer-most lens- it is a lens;
responsible for seeing a distance
Describe: Vitreous Chamber: the entire inner chamber of the eye;
contains humor
Describe: Humor: contains a little bit of protein, but mostly water to allow light to shine through
Describe: Retina: layer on the back of the eye;
light receptors are: cones and rods and fovea centralis
Describe: Rods: light receptors for black and white and gray, basically light
Describe: Cones: receptors for color:
not very common in the animal world;
birds have them
Describe: Fovea Centralis: on the retina;
the point of best vision, the point where the light is focused
Describe: Optic Nerve: the main nerve that leads from the eye to the brain
What is Refraction of Light?: the bending of light;
the lens bends the light and hopefully concetrates in on one point
What is Focal Distance?: the distance between the lens adn the focal point
What is Focal Point?: the point where all the light rays are conctrated
Vision Disorder: Nearsightedness: the focal point is in front of the fovea centralis- easy to correct with concave lenses
Vision Disorder: Farsightedness: the focal point is behind the foveal centralis; easy to correct with covex lenses
Vision Disorders: Astigmatism: have an irregular cornea, jagged not smooth;
can be hard to correct
Vision Disorders: Cataract: protein inside lens becomes oxidized; oxidation will make it cloudy
Vision Disorder: Glaucoma: protein is oxidized between the lens and the cornea
Vision Disorder: Conjuctivitis: conjuctiva is the eyelid:
inflammation of the eyelid and eyeball;
commonly known as "pink-eye"

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