Chapter 26
Terms
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- George Armstrong Custer
- United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)
- Battle of the Little Bighorn
- attack made by Colonel Custer's 7th Calvary against the Indians, with the intention of oppressing them and returning them to the reservation; Custer and men completely wiped out by the 2,500 well-armed warrior Indians in 1876
- Marcus Alonzo Hanna
- led the Republican presidential campaign, felt that the prime function of government was to aid business
- Greenback Labor Party
- combined the appeal of the earlier Greenbackers with a program for improving the lot of labor
- Eugene v. Debs
- case that helped to organize the American Railway Union
- The Populists
- political party that called for nationalizing the railroads, telephones, and telegraph; instituting a graduated income tax; and creating a new federal subtreasury - a scheme to provide farmers with loans for crops stored in government-owned warehouses; wanted the free and unlimited coinage of silver.
- Long Drive
- consisted of Texas cowboys driving herds of cattle over unfenced plains until they reached a railroad terminal to where they could be sold, became significantly less profitable when homesteaders and sheepherders began to put up barbed-fences by which the cattle could not cross
- The Grange
- group organized in 1867, was led by Oliver H. Kelley. Kelley's first objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities
- Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
- dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.
- Bonanza Farms
- large scale farms often over 50,000 acres, where farmers set up companies to operate
- William Jennings Bryant
- perennial presidential candidate (3x) Democrat secretary of state under Woodrow Wilson, was in scopes trial, wanted 16:1 silver ratio
- Pullman Strike of 1894
- started when the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages and maintained high rents, federal troops called in
- Dingley Tariff Bill
- bill passed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits
- Homestead Act of 1862
- Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects
- The Farmers' Alliance
- group formed in Texas in the late 1870s in order to break the grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling, weakened itself by excluding blacks and landless tenant farmers
- Frederick Jackson Turner / Turner Thesis
- one of the most influential essays ever written about American history, inspired by the "closing" of the frontier- "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893)
- Buffalo Soldiers
- nickname for African American soldiers who fought in the wars in the palins against Native Americans in the 1870s
- Helen Hunt Jackson
- author of A Century of Dishonor in 1881 which told of the record of government ruthlessness in dealing with the Indians, Ramona in 1884 which told of injustice to the California Indians
- Battle of Wounded Knee
- "Ghost Dance" cult stamped out by federal troops by Indian massacre, end of Indian Wars
- William McKinley
- 25th President of the United States