Child Psych Test 1 (Robert Siegler)
Terms
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- hypothesis
- testable prediction
- theory
- overarching set of assumptions and explanations which helps to guide research (can be right or wrong)
- two tailed hypothesis
- predict that the two variables are going to differ
- one tailed hypothesis
- predict the direction of results
- operational definitions
- measurable behaviors used, for the purposes of that experiment, to define some concept/ variable
- random sampling
- every person in population has an equal chance of being chosen
- naturalistic observation
-
1. Natural setting
2. non intervention
3. systematic observation - case study
- intensive study of one or several subjects
- survey/self report
- set of questions asked verbally or written
- correlational research
- assesses the relationship between two or more variables
- correlational coefficient
- shows strength of correlation
- direction of relationship
- sign (positive or negative)
- experimental research
- can make cause/effect, because isolation of causal variables
- independent variable
- what experimenter manipulates
- dependent variable
- behavior that is being measured as a function of the independent variable
- subject variable
- traits that subject brings to experiment ex. sex, birth
- confounding variable
- variables which, because of poor research design or insufficient control, may alter results
- counterbalancing
- order of conditions to eliminate practice and fatigue effects
- field experiments
- same as lab, but conducted in natural setting
- quasi-experimental research
- cannot manipulate "independent" variable because of ethical or practical concerns
- longitudinal research
- same subjects over period of time
- cross-sectional research
- different age groups are compared on same behavior
- cohorts
- different age groups
- sequential research
- combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional techniques used
- chromosomes
- "colored bodies" carrying genetic material
- genes
- multiple per chromosome, most lead to production of some protein
- DNA
- molecules that carry all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism
- nucleotides
- nitrogen based molecules attached to the ladder rungs of DNA
- alleles
- different forms/versions of each gene
- karyotype
- depicts homologous pairs
- mitosis
- process by which DNA duplicates
- meiosis
- process by which gametes, or sex cells, are formed
- crossing over
- pairs of chromosomes exchange corresponding segments to create new genetic combinations
- gametes
- sex cells (egg, sperm), contain only 23 chromosomes each
- dominant traits
- supercede expression of recessive traits
- recessive traits
- exhibited only when ingerit two alleles
- polygenic inheritance
- more than one gene influences expression of a trait, such as intelligence and height
- phenotype
- one's EXPRESSION of a trait
- genotype
- one's genetic inheritance
- PKU
- lack the ability for the liver to produce the enzyme phenylalanine hydrodxylase, that converts an amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine
- galactosemia
- lack enzyme to convert galactose into glucose
- cystic fibrosis
- respiratory tract becomes clogged with mucus, increases risk of infection
- fragile x syndrome
- genetic disorder resulting in multiplication of part of gentic code, resulting in a "pinced" long leg on the x-chromosome
- Downs syndrome
- trisomy in chrosome 21 (too much genetic info)
- edwards syndrome
- trisomy 18, severe mental retardation, elfin facial features, hearing loss, seizures, gypoglycemia
- Patau syndrome
- trisomy 13, cleft lip and palate, congenital heart defects, polydactyl; severe mental retardation, high mortality rate in 1st year
- Cri-du-chat
- missing short arm of chromosome 5, catlike cry, congenital heart disease, sever mental retardation, may be missing kidneys, sensitivity to loud noises, low birth weight, partial webbing of fingers or toes
- turner's syndrome
- females where one x chromosome (or part of it) is missing, ovaries do not develop prenatally, girls maintain immature appearance
- klinefelters syndrome
- XXY males, absense of development of male secondary sex characteristics
- triple screen test
- maternal blood test- measures alpha feta protein, estriol, hCG, and inhibin A
- ultrasound
- high frequency sound waves are beamed into uterus, and their reflection reveals size, shape and position of fetus
- chorion
- fetal membrane that will form the fetal side of placenta
- chorionic villa sampling
- tissue sample is removed from chorion by pushing narrow needle in 15-20 times
- amniocentisis
- fetal cells are extracted from amniotic fluid and cultured for chromosome/genetic analysis
- fetoscopy
- miniature telescope-like instrument w/light and lenses inserted into tiny incision into amniotic sac
- hereditability
- refers to the extent that individual differencces can be accounted for genetically
- canalization
- the degree to which a trait is constrained by genetics
- range-of-reaction
- games set boundaries and establish a range of reactions, because of different genotypes, individuals will respond differently to the same environment
- niche-picking
- genotype contributes propensities toward certain skills and abilities, and we then seek activities which are compatible with out genetic endowment
- passive gene environment interaction
- when parents set up an environment consistent with their (and their childs) predispositions
- evocative gene-environment interaction
- when a child's traits influence the behavior of those around him/her
- Thalidomide
-
developed in Germany in 60s, first as an anticonvulsive drug, then as a
tranquilizer, blocks growth of blood vessels, esp.to parts of body undergoing rapid
growth - alcohol
- crosses placenta; equal concentration in fetal blood
- fetal alcohol syndrome
-
microencephaly & mental retardation
facial deformities
low birth weight
disturbances in placental functioning - marijuana
-
--fat-soluble; crosses placenta & stored in amniotic fluid
--low birth weight
early exposure increases miscarriage;
late exposure may cause prematurity;
decreased immune system function
lower cognitive functioning - cocaine
-
crosses placenta
--microencephaly & brain damage
low birth weight
increased risk of STROKE (+ in utero)
miscarriage; placenta abruptio
kidney & urogenital malformations
--40 times more likely to die in first month after birth - heroin/morphine
-
low birth weight
prematurity
respiratory problems
infections
--high infant mortality rate shrill cry - DES
-
synthetic estrogen prescribed 40s-70s to prevent miscarriages
--increased risk of rare vaginal cancer & vaginal, cervix malformations in
daughter; increased risk of testicular cancer in sons - Rubella
-
German measles
--eyes (cataracts), ears, heart, & CNS most affected - Toxoplasmosis
-
--caused by parasite gondhi, in cat feces or undercooked meat
ear, heart, eye, CNS defects
jaundice
neuromuscular abnormalities - Rh incompatibility
-
--problem when mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+ (especially for
pregnancies after the first) - herpes
-
--risk is greatest if infant passes through canal in which mother has
active sores
--can lead to serious inflammation of brain & spinal cord - AIDs
-
--risk greatest during delivery & during breast-feeding
--boxlike forehead & facial deformities brain abnormalities - Gonorrhea/Syphilis
- all infants treated with silver nitrate drops to prevent blindness
- radiation
-
-causes genetic mutations, spontaneous abortions, & structural
abnormalities - mercury
-
“Mad Hatter’s diseaseâ€
-brain damage - PCBs
-
environmental pollutants which are fat soluble, cross placenta, and
passed through breast milk. - Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
-
virus in herpes group; up to 90% of children in day cares have had
exposure
microencephaly & retardation
jaundice
skin & dental disorders
deafness - oxytocin
- induces uterine contractions
- follicle
- egg cell and supporting cells
- vernix
- A greasy white substance coats and protects the baby's skin in utero.
- APGAR scale
- measurement of a newborn's response to birth and life outside the womb.
- labor
- Regular contractions of the uterus that result in dilation and effacement of the cervix.
- moro reflex
- elicited by placing an infant on his back. Support the upper body weight of the supine infant by the arms (not lifting the infant off the surface) then release the arms suddenly. The infant responds by throwing the arms outward, clenching the fist, appearing startled, then relaxing back to a normal rest position.
- rooting reflex
- elicited by stroking the cheek. The infant will turn toward the side that was stroked and begin to make sucking motions with its mouth.
- grasp reflex
- elicited by placing a finger on the infant's open palm. The hand will close around the finger. Attempting to remove the finger causes the grip to tighten
- Babinski reflex
- great toe flexes toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked
- stepping reflex
- demonstrated by holding the baby in an upright position on a flat surface he or she will lift one leg in the air, then step with the other foot and "walk"
- swimming reflex
- If an infant is placed in water on his tummy, his legs and arms will move in a swimming motion.
- cephalocaudal principle
- growth begins at the head and moves downward
- proximodistal principle
-
internal organs develop faster than
extremities - catch up growth
- immediate growth acceleration with an abnormally high velocity, followed by a progressive deceleration till the original or normal growth channel is reached.
- lagging-down growth
- growth is slow to compensate for a previous growth excess.
- kwashiorkor
- form of malnutrition caused by inadequate protein intake in the presence of fair to good energy (total calories) intake
- marasmus
- childhood nutritional disorder characterised by calorie deficiency and energy deficiency.
- neuron
- Any of the impulse-conducting cells that constitute the brain, spinal column, and nerves,
- axon
- The usually long process of a nerve fiber that generally conducts impulses away from the body of the nerve cell.
- dendrite
- branched protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from adjacent cells inward toward the cell body
- cell body
- The portion of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
- synapse
- The junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell
- myelin sheath
- The insulating envelope of myelin that surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon and facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses
- myelination
- The process of forming a myelin sheath.
- corpus callosum
- The arched bridge of nervous tissue that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing communication between the right and left sides of the brain.