éAP Mod Chp.13

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Jean-Baptist Colbert: controller general of finances and Louis XIV's most brilliant minister who created the economic base Louis needed to finance his wars; worked to centralize the French economy, to organize much economic activity under state supervisionand, through tariffs, carefully regulated the flow of imports and exports. He sought to create new national industries and organized factories around a tight regimen of work and ideology; simplified the administrative bureaucracy, abolished unnecessary poisitions, reduced the # of tax-exempt nobles, and increased the taille; policies transformed France into a major commercial power/helped found mercantilism
Long Parliament: acted with widespread support and general unanimity after it convened; the Puritans in ___ resented Charles I's religious policies and deeply distrusted the influence of the Roman Catholic queen; abolished the Court of Star Chamber, the Court of High Commission, and royal insturments of political and religious thorough; the levying of new taxes without the consent of Parliament and the inland extension of ship money became illegal; ___ concluded that it must meet every 3 years and that it could not convene unless its members agreed to do so
"one king, one law, one faith": Louis XIV, who was an aggressive ruler who sought glory (la gloire) in foregin wars, subjected his subjects at home to this ideal
Cavaliers: Charles I's royalist supporters who were located in the northwestern half of England in England's civil war
Charles I: at the outbreak of the war with Spain, the new king Charles I of England was forced like his father James I, to resort to extraparliamentary measures to collect finances for the war; therefore, he levied new tariffs and duties and attempted to collect discontinued taxes, thus infuriating Parliament
Whigs: opposition members of Parliament that made an impressive, yet unsuccessful efffort to enact a bill excluding James from successsion to the throne. They rode anti-Catholic sentiment and were led by the earl of Shaftesbury
L'état, c'est moi: Louis XIV's alleged declarationof "I am the state," infused by Bishop Jacques Bossuet's beliefs on the divine right of kings
Instrument of Government: a written constitution according to which Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector after he disbanded Parliament
Act of Settlement: the measure that closed the century of strife in England when it provided for the English crown to go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if noone of othe children of Queen Anne, the 2nd daughter of James II and last of the Stuart monarchs, was alive at her death. Since she outlived all her children, the lector of Hanover became King George I
Cardinal Richelieu: Louis XIII's chief adviser whose career was promoted by queen mother Marie de Médicis for security against pressures from the French noblity (treating them harshly if they did not bumit to the king's authority.) He was loyal, shrewd, and sought to make France the supreme European power; he was also responsible for French success in the 1st half of the 17th century. Devout Catholic, anti-Habsburg. He supported the Treaty of Fontainbleau, but would contain Spanish power at any cost (sometimes sought Protestant help in combating Spain.) This man pursued centralizing policies, made most decisions of state for Louis, and stepped up campaign against separatist provincial governments and parlements; believed the highest authority was the king. Started the campaign against the Hugenots that ended with Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes - initiated the Peace of Alai. Used propaganda to indoctrinate the people with raison d'état
Oliver Cromwell: a middle-aged country squire of iron discipline and strong independent religious settlement. The reoganization of the parliamentary army under him was a factor that led to Parliament's victory. He and his "godly men" favored neither the episcopal nor the pure Presbyterian system of church government. He was only willing to tolerate an established church if it permitted Protestant dissenters to worship ouside it. His newly reorganized forces, called the New Model Army, won a decisive victory over the king at Naseby. His armies conquered Scotland and Ireland during the Puritan republican reign. He ruled as Lord Chancellor after disbanding Parliament when they threatened to disband his army. He was as intolerant of Anglicans as Charles had been of Puritans and people resented his Puritan prohibitions of drunkenness, theatergoing, and dancing
War of Devolution: when Philip VI of Spain died, he left all hsi lands to his son by a 2nd marriage, Charles II, and enied any lands to his daughter (Marie Therese, Louis XIV's wife.) Ouis maintained that in certain regions of Brabant and LFnaders, which were part of the Spanish inheritance, property "devolved" to the children of a 1st marriage over those of a 2nd, and Louis invaded these regions with his armies. He was combated by the Triple Alliance, forced to agree to the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and ended up with control over certain towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands
Ad Sacrem Sedem: papal bull of excommunication from Pope Innocent X to the Jansenists. Members of the sect recanted their beliefs or went underground
James II: brother of Chales II and duke of York who was suspected of plotting to kill his brother and inherit the throne (the Popish Plot). He succeeded Charles and aliented parliament by demanding them to repeal the Test Act. When they refused, he dissolved Parliament and appointed Catholics to high positions in his court and the army. He issued the Declaration of Indulgence in 1687 which permitted free worship and suspended all religious tests. His actions were seen as attacks on English liberty and the local authority of nobles, landowners and the church who felt they possessed special legal priveges. Under the guise of a policy of enlightened toleration, James actually tried to subject all English institutions to the monarchy and establish absolutism, which many royal supporters couldn't tolerate. Many feared he would imitate the religious inteolerance of Louis XIV. He soon faced united opposition and William of Orange was asked to invade England by Whig and Tory members of Parliament
revocation of the Edict of Nantes: the ___ made good Henry VI's assurances of religious freedoms to the French and recognized/sanctioned minority groups the right to assemble, admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortifiied towns. Relations between the Catholic majority and Protestant minority remained hostile. Louis finally revoked the ___ and he was viewed as a new Philip II (willingness to persecute people for the sake of religious unity) - however, Louis viewed this as his most pious act
Peace of Nijmwegen: temporarily halted Louis's aggression in Europe, after which he launched a methodical campaign against the Huguenots in a dtermined effort to unify France religiously
Puritans: English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England of any vestiges of Catholicism. These people had hoped that James I's experience witht he Scottish Presbyterians would lead him to favor their cause
intendants: royal civil servants who subjected privileged groups to stricter supervision, implementing the king's will with some success in the provinces during Louis XIII's reign. Their function was to prevent abuses from the sale of royal offices that conferred the right to collect revenues, sell licences to carry out other forms of administration
A Trew Law of Free Monarchies: book written by James I of England in 1598 in which he strongly advocated the divine right of kings - he believed that he should rule with a minimum of consultation beyond his own royal court
Popish Plot: after Parliament came to believe that James, duke of York, was plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill Charles II so that he could claim the throne, a period of hysteria followed in which several people were tried and executed. Riding anti-Catholic sentiment, there was a failed effort in Parliament to exclude James from succession
Gallican liberties: the traditional rights of the French king and church against the pope in matters of ecclesiastical appointments and taxation; these were championed by Bishop Jacques Bossuet in his defense of the "divine right of kings"
ship money: a tax instituted in 1634 by Charles I's ministers as a fundraising device; normally levied only on coastal areas to pay for naval protection
corveé: a labor tax that created a national force of drafted workers who were employed to improve roads and facilitate internal travel, It was introduced by Henry IV and Sully
Lord Protector: after Cromwell marched into Parliament and disbanded it, he ruled thereafter as Lord Protector according to a written constitution known as the Instrument of Governement. This military dictatorship, however, proved to be no more effective than Charles's rule ahd been and had become just as harsh and hated
Triple Alliance: during the War of Devolution, England, Sweden, and the United Provinces of Holland formed this, a force sufficient enought to compel Ouis to submit to their terms. England later pulled out and allied with the French against the Dutch, and the ___ collapsed
Arminians: a group within the Church of England who rejected Puritanism and the Calvinist doctrine of predestination in favor of free will and an elaborate liturgy; supported by Charles I
King James Bible: this new translation of the Bible was commissioned out of the Hampton Court conference by which James I responded to the Millenary Petition; in 1611, this was published as an eloquent, authorized version of the Bible
New Model Army: Oliver Cromwell's newly reorganized forces that fought with disciplined fanaticism. They won a decisive victory over the king at Naseby
William and Mary: after James II fled to France, Parliament declared the throne vacant and proclaimed William and Mary of Orange as the new monarchs in 1689, which completed the successful Glorious Revolution. William and Mary recognized a Bill of Rights that limited the power of the monarchy and guaranteed civil liberties of the privileged classes. Henceforth, English monarchs would be subject to law and rule by consent of Parliament
absolutism: the term applied to strong centralized continental monarchies that attempted to make royal power dominant over aristocracies and other regional authorities; established in France
Treaty of Dover: England and France formally allied themselves against the Dutch in this treaty. In a secret portion of the treaty, Charles II pledged to announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions in England permitted. In return, Louis XIV promised to pay a substantial subsidy
Glorious Revolution: after William and Mary were proclaimed as the new monarchs of England in replacement of James II, the bloodless ___ was completed. It marked the beginning of constitutional monarchy with the Bill of Rights, which limited the power of the monarchy and guaranteed civil liberties of the privileged classes. It established a framework of government by and for the governed and established a permanent check on monarchial power by the classes present in Parliament
Rump Parliament: after Colonel Thomas Pride prevented Presbyterians from taking their Parliament seats in 1648, only a "rump" of less than 50 members remained. Though small, they didn't hesitate to use their power and exectued Charles I as a public criminal in 1649 after a special court trial. Thereafter, they abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords and the Anglican Church
James VI of Scotland / James I of England: without opposition or incident, ___, the son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, succeeded the childless Elizabeth as ___. While Elizabeth was popular and identified with England, this man was not well-known, not popular, and was an outsider; he inherited the crown, a large royal debt, and a divided church
impositions: to meet his need for income, James I developed other sources of income, largely by levying new custom duties known as ___; these were a version of the older customs duties known as tonnage and poundage
Grand Alliance: after Louis invaded Flanders and declared Spanish America open to French ships, England, Holland, and the Holy Roman Empire formed this to counter him. They sought to preserve the balance of power by securing Flanders as a neutral barrier between Holland and France and by gaining for the emperor his fair share of the Spanish inheritance. The War of the Spanish Succession ensued. Though ready to make peace years later, Louis could not accept the demand that he transfer all Spanish possessions to the emperor's grandson (Charles). France finally signed the Treaty of Utrecht with England and the Treaty of Rastatt with Holland
Book of Sports: 1618 order by James I of England which permitted games on Sunday for people who attended the Church of England services; this upset the Puritans, who believed quite the contrary was appropriate; rescinded after many clergy refused to read this order from the pulpit
Parliamentary monarchy (constitutionalism): the form of limited or constitutional monarchy set up in Britain after the Glorious Revolution of 1689 in which the monarch was subject to the law and ruled by the consent of parliament
Test Act: after Charles II rescinded the Declaration of Indulgence, Parliament passed this act, which required all officals of the crown, civil and military, to swear an oath against the doctrine of Transubstantiation - a requirmement that no loyal Catholic could meet. Parliament largely aimed this at the king's brother, James, duke of York, heir ot the throne and a recent convert to Catholicism
William Laud: initially Charles I's religious adviser and, after 1633, archbishop of Canterbury, who held high-church views of Anglicansim; as a member of the Court of High Commission, Laud had already radicalized the English Puritans by denything them the right ot publish and preach. In 1637, Charles and Laud against the opposition of the English Puritans as well as the Scots, tried to impose on Scotland the English episcopal system and a prayer book almost identical to the Anglican "Book of Common Prayer"
"divine right of kings": Bishop Jacques Bossuet championed the Gallican liberties and defended this concept, supporting it biblically. He cited examples of Old Testament rulers divinely appointed by, and anserable only to, God. This man argued that only God could judge a pope, so none save God could judge the king. Kings may have reamined duty-bound to reflect God's will in tehir rule - Bossuet considered them always subject to a higher authority
Battly of Naseby: battle in which Cromwell's New Model Army won a decisive victory over King Charles
Louis XIV: a master of propaganda and the creation of a political image, this king limited the influence of noble institutions on the monarchy, but never tried to abolish those institutions or limit their local authorities. He maintained control over foreign affairs, believed in the divine right of kings, and ruled through powerful councils that controlled foreign affairs, domestic relations, and economic regulations. This king was also a devout Catholic who desired religious uniformity
Parlement of Paris: Henry VI's main target in his quest to curtail the privileges of the French nobility in which a particularly divisive spirit lived on. Here were to be found the old privileged gropus, tax-exempt magnates who were preoccupied with protecting their self interests
Militia Ordinance: gave Parliament authority to raise an army of its own by the House of Commons in response to Charles I leaving London and raising his own army
Peace of Alais: document initiated by Cardinal Richelieu that abridged the Edict of Nantes by denying Protestants the right to maintain garrisoned cities, separate political organizations, and independent law courts
Philip of Anjou: grandson of Louis XIV who was granted the entire Spanish inheritance by Charles II and became Philip V of Spain. His grandfather's domineering actions of invasion as a result caused the War of the Spanish Succession
Millenary Petition: a so-called statement of Puritan grievances given to James I by the Puritans in England; he reponded by stating that he would not give into the demeands of the Puritans, just as Elizabeth hadn't, so as not to further the strife in the Church of England
Jansenism: Roman Catholic movement that arose as part of the opposition among some Catholics to the theology and the political influence of the Jesuits. This group adhered to the teaching of St. Augustine (that had influenced many Protestant doctrines), that individuals could do nothing good or secure their own salvation without divine grace - they particularly opposed Jesuit teachings about free will. The gropu was founded by Cornelius Jansen, a Flremish theologian and the bishop of Ypres, who wrote a book that assailed Jesuit teachings on grace and salvation. The Parisian Arnauld family allied with this group, adding a political element to the mix. Jesuits condemned this group as "crypto-Calvinists," and eventually Pope Innocent X declared 5 __ theological propositions on grace and salvation as heretical and later banned the sect/shut down their commmunities
Petition of Right: important declaration of constitutional freedom that required that hencforth there should be no forced loans or taxation withnout Parliamentary consent, that no freeman should be imprisoned without due cause, and that troops should not be billeted in private homes; it was an expression of resentment and resistnace to the intrusion of the monarchy on the local level
Solemn League and Covenant: an agreement that committed Parliament, along with the Scots, to a Presbyterian system of church government. This policy meant that the Scots would never again be confronted with an attempt to impose the English prayer book on their religious services. John Pym persuaded Parliament to accept the terms of this in 1643, and was a factor that led to Parliament's victory in the English civil war
Sully: a duke that served as Henry IV's finance minister. Together they established government monopolies on gunpowder, mines and salt, preparing the way for the mercantile policy of Louis XIV. They began a canal system to link the Atlantic and Mediterranean, adn introduced the royal corvee. He also dreamed of organizing the wrhole of Europe politically and commerially into a kind of common market
Parlements: French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobility; the most import waws the ___ of Paris, which claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law. Louis XIV permitted regional ))) to exercise considerable authority over local administration and taxation
Short Parliament: following Parliament's refusal to even consider funds for war until the king agreed to redress a long list of political and religious grievances, King Charles I immediately dissolved Parliament, giving it this name
"Grand Remonstrance": an over 200 article summary of popular and parliamentary grievances against the crown presented to Charles I by Parliament on December 1, 1641
Second Treatise on Government: a work written by John Locke before the Glorious Revolution that was read as justification for it. Locke described the relationship of a king and his people as a bilateral contract. If the king broke the contract, the people, by whom Locke meant the privileged and the powerful, had the right to depose him. The Glorious Revolution established a framework of government by and for the governemed that seemed to bear ou the arguments of this book
Clarendon Code: a series of laws passed between 1661 and 1665 in which Parliament excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterians and INdependents from the religiouis and political life of England. These laws imposed penalties for attending non-Anglican worship services, required strict adherence to the Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty-Nine Articles, and demanded oaths of allegiance to the Church of England from all persons serving in local government
Roundheads: the parliamentarian opposition to Charles I whose stronghold was located in the southeastern half of England. They received their name because of their close-cropped hair. Supporters included nobility, gentry, and towspeople. Puritans tended to favor them
Battle of Marston Moor: the largest engagement of the English civil war, won by the allies
penal laws: when James I tried unsuccessfully to relax these restrictions on Catholics in England, suspicion of pro-Catholic sentiment arose; bolstering this sentiment was his peace with Spain. To restore his image, James I sent English troopes to help the Protestants in Germany at the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War
Estates General: met from time to time to grant certain revenues to the monarch, but it played no role after the early 17th century; met in 1614, but the monarchy was able to find other sources of income and it did not meet again until the eve of the French Revolution
mercantilism: close government control of the economy whose aim was to maximize foreign exports and internal reserves of bullion, the gold and silver necessary for making war. The term was invented by later critics of the policy, and the policy itself was practiced by controller general of finances Jean-Baptist Colbert in France (during Louis's reign)
Marie de Médicis: because of the assassination of Henry VI and the retirement of his finance minister, his son Louis XIII succeeded the throne at only 9 years of age, adn the queen mother took over the task of governing Grance. She sought security abroad by making peace with Spain in the Treaty of Fonatainbleau. The queen also promoted the career of Cardinal Richelieu (the king's chief adviser) to promote internal security against pressures from the nobliity
Thorough: policy instituted by Charles I's chief minister Thomas Wentworth that imposed strict efficiency and administrative centraization in government; its goal was absolute royal control of England; its success depended on the king's ability to operate independently of Parliament, which no law required him to summon
Treaty of Fontainbleau: queen mother Marie de Médicis sought security abroad by signing this 10-year mutual defense pact with Spain and agreement for marriage alliances between the two thrones during her regency. Louis XIII was to marry a Spanish princess, and his sister, Elizabeth, was to marry the heir to the Spanish throne
Charles II of Spain: known as "the sufferer" because of his genetic deformities and lingering illneeses. After is death, Louis and Emperor Leopold had claims to the Spanish inheritance through their grandsons. Louis's, Philip of Anjou, had the better claim, but his mother had renounced her right to the Spanish inheritance in the Treaty of Pyrenees. To the world's surprise, Charles II left the entire inheritance to Philip
Emperor Leopold: Austrian emperor whose grandson had a claim to the Spainsh throne through his mother, Margaret Theresa. This boy had less of a claim ot the throne than Philip of Anjou, Louis XIV's grandson, because Philip's mother was older, but she had retracted her Spanish inheritance claims in the Treaty of Pyrenees. The War of the Spanish Succession ensued when Charles II's will lef tht eentire inheritance to Philip
Parliament: a political institution in England that had long bargained with the monarch over political issues. Composed of nobility and gentry, its members had experience organizing and speaking, writing legislation, and criticizing royal policies; the English had a legal and political tradition based on concepts of liberty to which members of this and their supporters throughout the country could and did appeal in their conflicts with the monarchy
raison d'état: "reason of stat" - Cardinal Richelieu used propagada to defend his actions of intolerance against Protestants and non-submissive noblity, as well as his war against the Habsburgs. He also used propaganda to indoctrinate the people
Declaration of Indulgence: this was issued by James II in 1687 and suspended and religious tests, as well as permitted free worship. Local candidates for Parliament who opposed the declaration were removed from their office by the ing's soldiers and replaced by Catholics
Toleration Act of 1689: this permitted worship by all Protestants but outlawed Roman Catholics and anti-Trinitarians
John Pym: led Parliament when it refused ot even consider funds for war until the king agreed to redress a long list of political and religious grievances
Bishop Jacques Bossuet: devout tutor of Louis XIV and a political theorist who was an advocate of the Gallican liberties and the divine right theory

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