Immunity 2
Terms
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- the word immune comes from immuno meaning________.
- safe
- ______imununity is an inborn capacity for resisting disease
- innate
- lysosome in tears is an example of ________ immunity
- innate
- acquired immunity begins after _____________
- birth
- _________immunity arises from anexposure to antigens and often follows adisease
- naturally aquired immunity
- ____________imunity results from an inoculation of toxoid or vaccine
- artificially acquired active
- naturally aquired _________immunity stems from the passage of IgA across the placenta .
- passive
- artificially acqired passive immunity is induced by an injection of antibodies taken from an__________
- animal
- memory cells residing in the ________ tissues are responsible for the production of __________ that yield naturally aquired active immunity.
- lymphoid tissue,antibodies
- viral vaccines consist of ________and _________virues
- attentuated ,inactivated
- immunizing agents that stimulate imminity to toxins are called_________.
- toxoids
- subunit vaccine is called
- second generation vaccine
- another form of vaccine is the third generation vaccine or the _______
- synthetic
- the synthetic vaccine uses _______technolgy
- dna
- __________ is called anti serum or hyperimmune serum or gamma globulin
- immune globulin
- substances called ______ increase the eficiency of a vaccine or toxoid by increasing the availavility of the antigen in the lymphatic system
- adjuvants
- _____ antibodies remain with the child for 3 months
- maternal
- maternal antibodies are passed to the newborn through the first milk or __________>>>_________is the predominant antibody
- colostrum,IGA
- Passive immunity must be taken with caution because the immune system could recocnizeforeign serum proteins as antigens and synthesizes antibidues against them in an ______.
- allergic reaction
- antigen antibodyinteractions studied under baboratory conditions are known as _____________
- serological reactions
- If a patient had anabornally high of a specific __________in the serum then a suspected disease agent was present
- antibodies
- the reactants in a serological reaction consist of an antigen and a ____________.the nature of ____ must be known .then put on slide and observe reaction
- serum sample,at least one
- A rise in the ___________ of a certain antibody also indicates that person hasa case of that disese
- titer
- __________reactions are serological reactions involving thousand sof antigens and antibody molecules cross linked att multiple determinant sites to form a structure called a ___________
- precipitation,lattice
-
In _____-, the antibody and the antigen are layered over each other in a thin tube .
a visible mass forms at the interface or at the bottom of the tube. bloodstains - Fluid precipitation
- In _________precipitation the diffusion of antigens and ab's takes place through a semisolicd solution agarose zone of ___________.
- gel ,,zone of equivolence
- immunoelectrophoresis is a _________sreological reaction
- precipitation
- ________ i swhere emulsions of unknown bacteria are added to drops of known antibldies on a slide and the mixture is abseved for clumping if none occurs other ABs are tried till right one found .
- agglutinations
- _______ aglutination is done when antigens are adsrbedonto the srface of latex spheres,polystyrene part.
- passive
- _____ is used prior to blood transfusions
- hemaggllutination
- coombes test is used to detect _______invovled in hemolytic diseases
- rh antibodies
- the ________ test uses the patients serum ,,,a preparation of antigen and a complement of derived from guinea pigs.
- compliment fixation test
- a state of increased hypersensitivity to an antigen ariaing from a previos exposure to that antigen
- hypersensitivity
- hypersensitivity may involve cell mediated or ______ immunity
- antibody
- antibody hypersensitivity could occurs within ______-
- minutes
- cell-mediated immunity could take _________
- 2 3 days
- __________ or type I hypeersensitivity can be life threatening .anaphylaxis a seies ofevents in which chemical substances induce vigoroous contractions of the body's _______.
- anaphylitic,,,smooth muscle
- allergists refer to this first dose of antigen as the _____________
- sensitizing dose
- after the sensitizing dose is admitted, the immune systemresponds and ______ revert to plasma cells which produce _____,this antibody enters and fixes itself to the surface of mast cells and basopnils.
- B-ymphocytes IgE
- ________cells aare connective tissue cells near the blood vessels and resp and GI.and are filled with _________
- mast cells,histimine
- the symptoms of anaphalaxis occurs rapidly on subsequent exposures to the _______.allergens unite to IGE on surfaces of mastcells and basophils and appear to form a bridge the union cause adenlycyclase inhibitor .___________works against it.
- epinephrine
- _________once called slow reacting dubstance of anaphylaxis result whin histimine from the dellular granules of white bliid cells activates an enzyme which realeases aracjidonic acid this are _________contractors
- leukotrienes, smooth muscle
- sometimme _____ antibodies block allergens before tjhey can reach sensitized cells
- blocking antibodies or IGG
- type III _____________hypersensitivity is a cell damageing reaction that occurs when IgG reacts with antigens on the surfaces of cells ,cells affected are known as ________.
- cytotoxic ,target cells
- example of cytotoxic is the transfusion________ arising from the mixing of incompatible blood types.
- reaction
- when an rh neg woman marries an rh pos man there is a 3-1 chance of an rh pos child and prob. comes when there bloods mix.
- rh disease
- rhogam is the treatment for hemolytic disease
- rh disease
- _____________ results from antibodies produced against such drugs as aspirin or etc. effect can be impaired __________or __________
- thrombocytopenia,,blood clotting or hemorrages
- type III complex hypersensitivity developes when antibodies combine with antigens and form aggregates that accumulate in____________or tissue surfaces these draw __________that release ________-enzymes
- blood vessels, neutrophils,lysosomes,,IGGanIgm
- type IV cellular hypersensitivity is an exaggeration of the process of c___________.these involve lymphokines ,this is a delayed reacrion where the efffects are not seen for 24 to 72 hrs.
- cellmediated immunity
- infection allergy symptoms are ____an ___________,,,,,,,,and ___________developes after exposure to a broad array urushiol (poison ivy exm.)
- iduration and erythema,,,contact dermatitis
- class II MHC proteins are important in ____________.class I MHC proteins are on every_____ in the body and help define unqiue tissue.
- the recognition of nonself antigens,,,cell
- antirejection mechanism include________drugs ,which prevent the multiplication of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes.
- antimitotic drugs azathioprine ,cyclosporin
- another means of diminshing rejection is to introduce __________antibodies.lymphocytes from the transplant recipient are injected into animals then introduced into patient and the antibodies interact with local lymphocytes.
- antilymphocyte antibodies
- the time required to kill a population of microorganismsat a given temp.
- thermal death time
- the ------test is used as the standard of disinfecting
- phenol coefficient test
- the _______are a group of highly reactive elements whose atoms have seven electrons.______an _________are used alot
- halogens,chlorine ,and iodine
- __________are iodine detergent complexes that release iodine over a long period of time presurgical scrubbing
- Iodophors
- phenol derivatives called _____have a greater germicidal activity and lower toxicity than the parent compound
- cresols
- _______was used in dial soap
- hexachlorophene
- a bisphenol in wide spread use is _______
- trichlosan
- silver nitrate is droped in the eyes of infants to protect against ________
- gonorrhoeae
- plastic petri dish and syringe uses ________to help sterilization
- ethylene oxide