VetTech Radiology

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Definition of X-Rays: A from of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light, but of much shorter wavelength.
Discovery of X-Rays: Professor Godspeed discovered x-rays but did not understand the medical significance.
Wilhelm Roentgen first used x-rays to radiograph his wife's hand. She later died of intestinal cancer.
Definition of Electromagnetic Radiation: A method of transporting energy through space. It is distinguished by its wavelength, frequency, and energy.
Characteristics of Electromagnetic Spectrum: Composed of
1)Particles
-Protons (+)
-Neutrons
-Electrons (-)
2)Waves
What do cathodes do?: Generates electrons and forms an "electron cloud"
What do Anodes do?: Generate protons.
Generation of x-rays: Energy from fast moving electrons from the cathode are attracted to the anode.
This results in 1% radiation and 99% heat. Electrons are slowed down or stopped by the atoms of a target area and an x-ray beam is created
X-Ray Beams: Composed of bundles of energy (photons) and travel in the form of a wave.
What three things factor into X-Ray absorption?: 1) Atomic number (higher atomic number, higher absorption and decreased penetration)
2) Density of object
3) Energy of x-rays (frequency of transmission)
Exposure to radiation may...: 1) Cause cancer
2) Damage or kill cells
3) Cause temporary or permanent infertility
4) Increased incidence of squamous cell carcinoma
What are particularly sensitive areas to radiation?: 1) Skin and intestinal epithelium
2) Gonads
3) Thyroid
4) Lens of the eye
5) Blood forming organs
Define Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD): A means of measuring the dosage of radiation received by the radiographer. The MPD measures a max dose of radiation that a person may be exposed to in a given amount of time.
What is a Dosimetry Badge?: A device that measures the amount of radiation one is exposed to over time
What is an absorbed dose?: This is the amount of ENERGY transmitted by ionizing x-rays to matter. The units are Gy (gray) or cGy (centigray)
What is the Dose Equivalent?: The amount of RADIATION equal to the absorbed dose in the tissue. The units are Sv (Sievert) or REM.
What PPE needs to be worn when taking a radiograph?: 1) Lead aprons
2) Lead gloves
3) Thyroid shields
4) Leaded eyewear
*Proper care of the equipment used for protection is very important!
What is Fluoroscopy?: A "live" radiograph
What is a limit?: the parts of the body not necessarily seen or felt by are the desired edges of the particular body part that needs to be included in the primary beam.
*Included in the radiograph
*Can be the same as a landmark
What is a landmark?: Those parts of the body that you can see or palpate to make sure that the primary beam includes the proper limits for that body part.
Thoracic view Limits: Cranial: Thoracic inlet
Caudal: Diaphragm
Dorsal: Dorsal spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae
Ventral: Sternum
Thoracic view Landmarks: Cranial: Manubrium
Caudal: Xiphoid process
Dorsal: Dorsal spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae
Ventral: sterum
Abdominal view Limits: Cranial: Diaphragm
Caudal: Pelvic inlet
Dorsal: Dorsal spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae
Ventral: Belly wall
Abdominal view Landmarks: Cranial: Xiphoid process
Caudal: Wings of the ilium
Dorsal: Dorsal spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae
Ventral: Belly wall
Whole body view Limits: Cranial: Thoracic inlet
Caudal: Pelvic inlet
Dorsal: Dorsal spinous processes of the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae
Ventral: sternum or belly
Whole Body view Landmarks: Cranial: Manubrium
Caudal: Wings of the ilium
Dorsal: dorsal spinous processes of the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae
Ventral: Sternum and belly wall
Pelvic view Limits: Cranial: Pelvic inlet
Caudal: Ischiatic tuberosity
Pelvic view Landmarks: Cranial: Wings of the ilium
Caudal: Ischiatic tuberosity
Cervical spine view Limits: Cranial: C1 (Atlas)
Caudal: C2 (Axis)
Cervical Spine View Landmarks: Cranial: Wings of the Atlas
Caudal: Cranial part of the dorsal tips of the Scapula
Thoracic Spine View Limits: Cranial: T1
Caudal: T13
Thoracic Spine View Landmarks: Cranial: Cranial part of the dorsal tips of the Scapula
Caudal: 13th rib
Lumbar Spine Limits: Cranial: L1
Caudal: L7
Lumbar Spine Landmarks: Cranial: 13th rib and count cranial to 9 or 10
Cadual: 13th rib and count caudal to L3
Positioning Body Cavities: Ventral (V)
Dorsal (D)
Lateral (Lat)
Cranial (Cr)
Caudal (Cd)
Positioning Extremities: Anterior (A)
Posterior (P)
Cranial (Cr)
Caudal (Cd)
Palmar (Pa)
Plantar (Pl)
Dorsal
Ventral
Extension
Flexion
Universal Rules Hanging Rads Body Cavities: - Always perform 2 views
- V/D or D/V head goes topside
- Lateral view: head to left
- Right side is usually the down side (exception for extensive injury on R side)
- Place L or R marker to note the side of the body in V/D view
- Place L or R marker to note which side is on the table
Universal Rules Hanging Rads Extremities: Cr/Cd: Proximal parts proximal, Distal parts distal
Lateral: Proximal parts proximal, distal parts distal, head to the left
*Always include the joint above and the joint below
*Always include 1/4 - 1/3 of the bone above and below a joint
What are the 5 steps to processing any film:: 1) Developing
2) Rinsing/Stop bath
3) Fixing
4) Washing
5) Drying
What is the Developer and what does it do?: An ALKALINE chemical solution that converts the latent image on a film to a visible image. Converts exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver.
What does the Rinse/Stop bath do?: Slows the developing process
Rinses the developer from the film
Prevents contamination of the fixer
What does the Fixer do?: An ACIDIC solution that removes unexposed crystals and hardens the gelatin coating so that it can be dried without damaging the film surface.
What does washing do?: Removes the processing chemicals from the film surface.
In manual processing a film should be washed for 20-30 minutes in a circular water bath.
How long and at what temperature should manual developing be done?: 68 degrees F for 3 minutes For each degree lower than 68, increase time by 30 sec For each degree higher than 68, decrease time by 30 sec. Develop for no 5min
How long does manual fixing take?: TWICE the developing time
What is clearing time?: The minimum amount of time a film needs to be in the fixer in order to adequately remove the unexposed crystals.
How long can the radiograph stay out of the Fixer and what happens if it stays out longer?: Radiograph can stay out of the fixer for up to 1 min.
Must be put back in for the remainder of the fixing time.
If not, the image will disappear.
What are the two types of Water Baths?: 1) Stationary
2) Circulating *preferred
How long does the radiograph stay in the water bath?: 20-30 mins
What is the difference between Manual and Automatic processing?: The automatic processor involves roughly the same routine except it operates at much higher temperature and has specially formulated chemicals to speed up processing. A lot of automatic processors do not have the first rinse bath.
What must the film identification include?: 1) Name and address of hospital/veterinarian
2) Date radiograph was taken
3) Patient and owner's name
- age, sex, breed, DOB
What are the three methods of labeling?: 1) Lead markers
2) Lead-Impregnated tape (large animal)
3) Embosser
Purpose of Technique Charts: To provide a consistent way of setting the proper exposures for diagnostic radiographs
Suggested kVp range Extremities: 55-66 kVp
Suggested kVp ranges Abdomen: 65-85 kVp
Suggested kVp ranges Thorax: 75-95 kVp
Suggested kVp ranges Pelvis: 55-75 kVp
Suggested kVp ranges Spine: 70-90 kVp
Factors taken into consideration when developing a technique chart:: 1 Tissue measurement and density
2 Grid factor
3 Screen type
4 Film type and speed
5 Beam filtration
6 Processing time and temp
Caliper is measured in...: centimeters
General rule for measuring: Measure the thickest part of the area of the body being radiographed
Where to measure Elbow: at distal humerus
Where to measure Radius/Ulna: at the elbow
Where to measure Stifle: at distal femur
Where to measure Tibia/Fibula: at the stifle
When do you put the phototray in the bucky?: When the measurement is greater than 10cm

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Number of cards 65

Created By kwalker