pre test 4 BI104
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Define Phagocyte?
- WBCs that engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
- What is cell mediated immunity?
- The process in which a macrophage destroys a pathogen then displays the antigens on its surface, a helper T-cell with matching receptors encounters the macrophage, which releases interleukin-1this triggers the helper T-cell to release interleukin-2 Interleukin-2 stimulates the helper T-cells to divide rapidly, producing cytotoxic T-cells and suppressor T-cells, Cytotoxic T-cells destroy body cells that have been infected by the pathogen, Suppressor T-cells help shut down the immune response after the pathogen has been removed
- What is a diastole?
- Relaxation of a heart chamber
- What is the inflammation of these layers called?
- Pericarditis
- Define Allergy?
- Inappropriate reaction of the immune system to a harmless substance
- What is the spleen?
- An organ in the lymphatic system that, contains lymphocytes to help in immune system function
- What pigments are produced by RBC breakdown and what happens to them?
- The pigments are bilirubin and biliberdin, the pigments are excreted in the form of feces
- What is Antibody-mediated immunity?
- The stimulation B-cells to divide and produce plasma cells and antibodies specific for the antigen, these antibodies bind to the antigen to inactivate it or trigger its destruction by macrophages, suppressor T-Cells shut down the immune response after an infection has been overcome.
- What is a lymph node?
- Places where lymph vessels are created and where non-specific defense against disease start
- What ion is important in blood clotting?
- Ca++
- What are the non specific defenses?
- Barriers to entry(skin), Inflammatory response, Natural Killer cells, Protective proteins (interferon), Fever
- What is the function of an erythrocyte and where are they produced?
- The iron portion carries O2 to the cells, this is known as oxygenation, they are produced in the red bone marrow
- What is prothrombin?
- Plasma protein, that is converted to thrombin (an enzyme) during the clotting cascade, vitamin K is necessary for production, and a deficiency can result in a decrease in blood clotting.
- What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
- Increases the SA and AV node activity during activity or excitement
- What is anemia?
- Decreased oxygen carrying capacity
- List the three layers of the heart?
- Endothelium, Exothelium, Mesothelium
- How are lymph vessels similar to veins?
- One way system
- What is the difference between veins and arteries?
- Veins carry de-oxygenated blood back to the heart whereas arteries carry fresh oxygenated blood back to the various parts of the body
- What two ways to WBCs fight infection?
- Fever, and Inflammation
- What are the papillary muscles and why are they important?
- They operate the tri-cuspid and mitral valve, they are important because they prevent prolapse
- How do veins act as a blood reservoir?
- Veins have thinner walls than arteries, and the can expand more, acting as a blood reservoir.
- what s the systemic circuit?
- The process in which blood leaves the heart and travels to the other parts of the body
- What role do NK(natural killer) cells plain inflammation?
- Work by puncturing the cell membrane allowing H2O to flow into the cell and causing the cell to burst
- What is fever?
- A non specific defense system that is a sign that the body is responding to infection
- List the five signs of inflammation?
- Redness, Swelling, Warmth, Pus, Pain
- What are the coronary arteries?
- Carry oxygen rich blood from the aorta to the myocardium of the heart itself
- What is Vaccination?
- Immunization, contains modified pathogens or toxins that can no longer produce disease but can stimulate an immune response and stimulate the production of memory cells, gives immediate protection, sometimes wears off, boosters needed
- What cells produce antibodies?
- B Cells that have been stimulated by Helper T Cells
- What is a thrombocyte? Where are they produced? and what is their function
- A thrombocyte is a platelet, they are formed from fragmentation of megakaryocytes within the red bone marrow.The function of a thrombocyte is to help repair a damaged cell. This is known as clotting or coagulation
- Define Pathogen?
- Any disease-producing agent, a virus bacterium, or other microorganism
- What is the pacemaker of the heart and where is it located?
- The sinoatrial node located in the upper wall of the right atrium and the atrioventricular node located in the base of the right atrium
- What is the function of plasma proteins?
- Buffer the blood to help maintain pH (albumin), help maintain osmotic pressure (albumin) transport of large protein molecules, Blood clotting (fibrinogen and prothrombin), Globulins (antibodies) help fight infection
- What is the pulmonary circuit?
- The process of deoxygenated blood traveling through the heart and lungs to become oxygenated
- What are lysosomes?
- They are found in all eukaryotic cells and are responsible for the cells digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms
- What do Neutrophils do?
- Engulf and digest pathogens through phagocytosis
- Where does the lymph empty?
- The cardiovascular system
- What is erythropoietin, where and why is it produced?
- A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulated the maturation of RBCs released when an increased number of RBCs are needed
- What are the functions of the Lymphatic system?
- Remove excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream, transport of lipoproteins from the intestinal villa to the bloodstream, and defense against disease
- What is a blood capillary?
- The very end of the artery, this part distributes oxygenated blood that comes from the arteries out to the tissues of your body then move deoxygenated blood from the tissues back into the veins
- What is an erythrocyte?
- an RBC that is a small bi-conclave disc which when mature no longer contains a nucleus, but contains hemo-globin
- What is Fibrinogen?
- Protein found in plasma and made in the liver
- What part of the brain has control over the heart?
- Medulla Oblongata, controls organs through the autonomic nervous system
- What is a leukocyte?
- A white blood cell (WBC) larger and fewer then RBC's the purpose of Leukocytes is to fight infection
- What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
- Decreases SA and AV node activity during rest
- Where, in the body, is the heart located?
- Thoracic Cavity, Pericardial Sac
- What is a systole?
- Contraction of a heart chamber
- What happens to old RBCs?
- Old cells are continuously destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver and are continuously being replaced
- What role do neutrophils play in inflammation?
- They are a wbc used to fight pathogens they are cycled through the area where they engulf pathogens and inrease the number of cells in the area, inflammation occurs due to the larger cell count in the area