EPSY
Ch.4,5 and 6
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Violation of expectation method
- researchers habituate babies to a physical event (expose them to the event until their looking declines). Then they determine whether infants recover to (look longer at) an expected event (a variation of the first event that follows physical laws) or an unexpected event (a variation that violates physical laws.) Recovery to the unexpected event suggests that the infant is suprised by a deviation from physical reality as indicted by heightened attention and therefore is aware of that aspect of the physical world.
- The strange situation
- assess attachment, mother and child are placed in a unfamiliar playroom, stranger enters, mother leaves/returns
- Happiness
- smile from birth, social smile (6-10 weeks), laugh (3-4 months)
- Genetic influences
- responsible for about half individual differences, ethnicy, gender
- Object permanence
- the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
- Kwashiokor
- caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protien. The disease usually strikes after weaning between 1 and 3 years.
- Referential style
- their vocabularies consisted mainly of words that referred to objects
- Self conscious emotions
- shame, embarassment, guilt, envy and pride, emerge in middle of second year, need adult instruction about how to feel them
- Adaptation
- involves building on schemes through direct interaction with the environment
- Joint Attention
- gaznig in teh same direction adults are looking, a skill that becomes more accurate aroudn 10 or 11 months as babies realize that others focus provides information about their communicative intentions. Adults also follow teh baby's line of vision and comment on what the infant sees, labelling teh baby's envrionment.
- Accommodation
- create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current way of thinking does not capture the environment completely.
- Core knowledge perspective
- babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems or core domains of thought. Each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related information and therefore supports early rapid development
- Ethological theory of attachment
- preattachment phase, attachment in the making phase, phase of clear cut attachment (sepertaion anxiety), formation of reciporcal relationship
- Experience-Expectant Brain Growth
- refers to young brains rapidly developing organization which depends on ordinary experiences, opportunities to see and touch objects, to hear language and other sounds and to move about and explore the environment.
- Cooing
- vowel like noises, because of their pleasent "oo" quality
- Social referencing
- seek emotional information from a trusted person in uncertain situations, fusion between mother and child
- Unhibited/social
- react positively, appraoch new stimuli, low heart rate, stress, hormones, stress symptoms, higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity
- Intelligence quotient (IQ
- indicates the extent to which the raw score (number of items passed) deviates from the typical preformance of same age individuals.
- Avoidant
- unresponsive parent, parent leaves- not distressed, parent returns- seek contact and comforted quickly
- Recognition
- noticing when a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously expected
- Sensory register
- first information enters where sights and sounds are repersented directly and stored briefly.
- Sensorimotor stage
- spans the first 2 years of life. Piaget believed that infants and toddlers think with thier eyes, ears, hands and other sensorimotor equipmen. They cannot carry out many activities inside their heads
- Language acquisition device (LAD
- innate system that contains a set of rules common to all languages. It permits children, no matter which language they hear, to understand and speak in a rule oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words.
- Non organic failure to thrive
- growth disorder that results from lack of parental love, is usually present by 18 months of age. Infants who have it show all the signs of marsamus- their bodies looked wasted, and they are withdrawn and apathetic. But no organic (or biological) cause for the babies failue to grow can be found.
- I self
- self as agent, seperate from surrounding world, control own thoughts and actions
- Complience
- understanding and obeying caregivers wishes and standards, emerges between 12 and 18 months, toddlers assert autonomy by sometimes not complying, warm, sensitive caregiving increases in complience
- Underextension
- when toddlers first learn words, they sometimes apply them too narrowly
- Brain plasticity
- committed to specific functions. Consequently the cortex has a high capacity plastic cortex, many areas are not yet ready for learning. In addition if a part of the brain is damaged other parts can take over tasks that it would have handled
- Mental representations
- internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate
- Fear
- first fears- second half of first year, stranger anxiety (8-12 months)
- Self control
- ability to resist impulses, emerges around 18 months, improves through early childhood,individual differences are lasting (gender and sensitive caregiver)
- Proximodistal Trend
- growth proceeds, literally from near to far, from the center of the body outward
- Cerebral Cortext
- which resembles a half shelled walnut. It is the largest, most complex brain structure-accounting for 85% of the brains weight, containing the greatest number of neurons and synapses and responsible for the unique intelligence of our species.
- autobiograhical memory
- We can recall many personally meaningful one time events from both teh recent and the distant past, recollections
- Circular reaction
- provides a special means of adapting their first schemes. It involves stumbling onto a new experience caused by the baby's own motor activity. The reaction is circular because as the infant tries to repeat the event again and again a sensorimotor response to that first occured by chance becomes stregnthened into a new scheme
- Goodness of fit
- combines genetics and environments
- Assimilation
- use our current schemes to interpret the external world
- Inhibited/shy
- react negatively, withdraw from new stimuli, high heart rate, stress hormones, stress symptoms, higher right hempisphere frontal cortext activity
- Babbling
- occurs around 4 months in which infants repeat consonant-vowel combinations in long strings such as bababababab or nanananana
- Factors that affect attachment security
- opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, infant characteristics, family circumstances
- Habituation
- gradual reduction in the stregnth of a response due to repetitive stimulation
- myelin
- About half the brains volume is made up of gilial cells which are responsible for meylination the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath (called myelin) that improves efficency of message transfer
- Secure
- use mom as a secure base, parent leaves, may or may not cry, parent returns-seek contact and comforted quickly
- Differentiation theory
- infants actively search for invariant features of the environment- those that remain stable- in a constantly changing perceptual world.
- Home observation for Measurement of teh Environment (HOME
- check list for gathering information about the quality of children's home lives through observation and interviews with parents.
- Normal distribution
- most scores cluster around the mean or average and progressively fewer fall toward the extremes. This bell shaped distribution results whenever researchers measure individual differences in large samples
- new stimulus
- a change in the environment causes responsiveness to return to a high level, an increase called recovery.
- Overextension
- applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events that is appropriate
- Make believe play
- in which children act out everyday and imaginary activities
- me self
- self as object of evaluation and knoweldge, qualities that make self unique (physical characteristics, possessions, attitudes, beliefs, personality)
- Punisher
- Removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurance of a response
- Developmentally appropriate practice
- standards devised by teh U.S national association for the education of young children, specify program characteristics that meet the developmental and individual needs of young children, based on both current research and expert concensus.
- Temperment
- stable, individual differences in quality and intensity of emotional reaction, activity level, attention, emotional regulation
- Permanent memory
- our permanent knowledge base
- Resistant
- remain close to parent, parents return- angry and resistive behavior, not comforted easily
- Standardization
- giving the test to a large, repersentative sample and using the results as the standard for interpreting scores
- Expressive style
- compared with referential children they produce many more pronouns and social formulas
- Cephalocaudal trend
- head to tail, head develops more rapidly then the lower part of the body
- synaptic pruning
- Neuorns that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses in a process,returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development.
- Deffered imitation
- the ability to remember and copy behavior of models who are not present
- Intentional or goal directed behavior
- coordinating schemes, deliberately to solve simple problems
- Telegraphic speech
- two word utterances, leave out small and less important words
- Emotional Contagion
- early infancy, matching "feeling tone" of caregiver
- Dynamic systems theory of motor development
- mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action. When motor skills work as a system seperate abilities blended together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment.
- Classical conditioning
- possible in a young infant. In this form of learning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response. Once a babies nervous system makes the connection between two stimuli the neutral stimulus will produce the behavior by itself.
- Neurons
- or nerve cells that store and transmit information, Between them are tiny gaps or synapses where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch.Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters which cross the synapse.
- Organization
- a process that takes place internally apart from direct contact with the environment. Once children form new schemes they re arrange them, linking them with other schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system
- Zone of proximal (potential) development
- range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners
- Intermodal perception
- make sense of these running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor and taste information by percieving objects and events as unified wholes.
- Experience-dependent brain growth
- occurs through out our lives. It consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specfic learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures.
- Recall
- more challenging because it involves remembering something not present
- anger
- general distress (from birth), anger (4-6 months)
- Schemes
- specific psychological structures, organized ways of making sense of experience
- Contrast sensitivity
- explains early patter differences. Contrast refers to the difference in the amount of light between adjacent regions in a pattern. If babies are sensitve to (can detect) the contrast in two or more patterns they prefer the one with more contrast
- disorganized-disorient behavior
- greatest insecurity, inconsistent when parent is present, parent returns- confused, contradicotry behavior
- Mental strategies
- to operate on and transform information, increasing the chances that we will retain information, use it effectively and think flexibly, adapting the information to changing circumstances
- Marasmus
- is a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients. It usually appears in the first year of life when a baby's mother is to malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle feeding is inadequate.
- Helping toddlers develop self control and complience
- respond with sensitivity and support, give advance notice of change in activity, offer promts and reminders, reinforce self controlled behavior, encourage sustained attention, support language development, increase rules gradually
- Recognize others facial expressions
- 7-10 months
- Child directed speech (CDS)-
- a form of communication made up of short sentences with high pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronounciation, distinct pauses between speech segments and repition of new words in a variety of contexts
- Operant conditioning
- infants act or operate on teh environment and stimuli that follow thier behavior change teh probability that the behavior will occur again. A stimulus that increases the occurance of a response is called a reinforcer.
- Infantile amnesia
- that most of us cannot retrieve events that happened to us before age 3
- Developmental quotients (DQ)
- concerns that infant test scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured older ages
- Central executive
- manage complex activites, a special part of working memory, directs the flow of information. It decides what to attend to, coordinates incoming information, already in the system and selects and applies and monitors strategies
- Environemntal influences
- cultural caregiving styles, boys and girls treated differently, parents emphasize sibling difference