AP European History
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- Nicolaus Copernicus
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-Astronomer
-Introduced heliocentric view of the universe
-He waited before he died before he published his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
-Afraid he'd get prosecuted by the church - Tycho Brahe
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-Built the most sophisticated observatory of his day
-Strongly opposed Copernicus - Johannes Kepler
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Formed three laws of planetary motion:
-Planet orbit is elliptical
-Planets do not move at the same speed
-The time it takes to orbit the sun relates to its distance from the sun
Those ideas were published in his book: On the Motion of Mars. - Galileo
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-Opposed Aristotle and Ptolemy
-said that objects hit the ground at the same time if dropped from the same height
-He made an improved telescope
-He discovered Jupiter's four moons
-Wrote Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World - Isaac Newton
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-Invented Calculus
-Came up with gravity
Created three laws of motion:
-Everything has inertia
-Force= mass * acceleration
-Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
-Said that science and faith are compatible
-Wrote Principia Mathematica - Miguel de Cervantes
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-Wrote Don Quixote
*Explained how chivalry and knighthood are dead, basically said that medieval culture is gone - Shakespeare
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-playwright
-one of the greatest english writers - John Milton
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-Poet, second best writer next to Shakespeare
-Wrote Paradise Lost (on rebellion of Adam and Eve)
-Wrote Paradise Regained - John Bunyan
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-lived most of his life in jail
-Wrote Pilgrim's Progress
*book on Puritan piety - Francis Bacon
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-Politician and writer
-"Knowledge is Power"
-Wrote The Advancement of Learning
*explained the empirical formula (scientific) - Renee Descartes
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"I think therefore I am."
-Wrote Discourses on Method
*book on analytical geometry - Spinoza
- Wrote Ethics which explained Pantheism
- John Locke
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Created the rights of life, liberty, and property.
-Famous work was Two Treatises on Government which explained that government should give and utilize these rights - Samuel Johnson
- Wrote the first English Dictionary
- Francois Marie Arquet-Voltaire
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Wrote Candide
*took three days, satire of French Government and Society - Danis Diderot
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-Came up with 1st Encyclopedia
-Volume 1 released in 1751
-Volume 28 released 19 yrs. later - Edward Gibbon
- -Wrote The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
- Cesare Beccaria
- Wrote On Crimes and Punishments
- Francois Quesnay
- Led Physiocrats and believe gov't. should remove all restrains on trade.
- Adam Smith
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Wrote The Wealth of Nations
*About supply-and-demand - Montesquieu
- Wrote The Spirit of Laws. Created blueprint for US gov.
- Rousseau
- Wrote Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences
- Frederick the Great
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King of Prussia
-great tactician
-Enlighted Monarch
-called himself "First Servant of the state" - Joseph II
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-Abolished serfdom and death penalty
-Abolish Robot - Catherine the Great
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-Empress of Russia
-Overthrew husband and let him die in prison
-Sponsored Philsophes and tried to westernize Russia
-Supported Serfs until they had a rebellion against her