Earth Materials
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- settings of metamorphism
- contact, cataclastic, regional, hydrothermal, burial
- water
- solution
- pressure
- changes melting temperature and shears the rock
- soil gas
- air
- conglomerate 2
- deposited in high energy settings
- quartzite 3
- colors from impurities
- dolomite (dolostone)
- calcium-magnesium carbonate
- Olivine, Pyroxene, Calcium feldspar
- high temperature (first to crystallize), least resistant to chemical weathering
- two types of shape
- angular, rounded
- unloading
- Removal of overburden from igneous intrusions, causes joints parallel to the surface; sheeting
- contact metamorphism 4
- produces hornfels
- heat's elements
- geothermal gradient, contact with magma
- contact metamorphism
- caused by magma intrusions
- mineralogical
- metamorphic grade
- B - some iron and aluminum oxides precipitated; all soluble minerals, such as carbonate leached away
- temperate climate
- A - humus and leached soil
- dry climate
- iron-rich clays and aluminum hydroxides
- wet climate
- hydrothermal
- chemically altered
- regional metamorphism
- caused by compression deep in crust
- terrestrial environments include
- fluvial (river), floodplain, dunes, salt flats, lacustrine (lake), alluvial fan, glacial
- spheroidal
- granite boulders are....
- anthracite coal 4
- used for fuel, mostly to generate electricity
- clay
- claystone and shales
- peat to lignite occurs at the ______ stage
- burial
- travertine and tufa 2
- Found in caves or CaCO3-rich evaporating waters
- Solum or "true soil
- topsoil and subsoil
- talus
- broken rock accumulated at base of steep slopes
- coal
- made of organic matter (and is sedimentary)
- quartzite 4
- used for graved and decorative stones
- high energy settings
- steep rivers, glaciers, coasts, landslides
- humans increase ______ by land disturbance
- soil erosion
- residual parent material
- developed on bedrock
- marine environments include
- estuary, delta, reef, deep sea fans, turbidity current, fluvial, lake, beach
- pedocal describe
- soil rich in calcite (B horizon); In mid-latitudes of low rainfall, soluble minerals are re-precipitated as "Caliche"; Found under brush and grassland vegetation; Western U.S.
- metamorphism 2
- through agents of increased heat, pressure, and chemical changes
- oxidation
- iron oxide; occurs in water; important for ferromagnesiun minerals; produces hematite and limonite
- intermediate grade; phyllite, schist, gneiss
- biotite (mica), garnet, staurolite
- pedocal
- dry climate
- Topsoil
- O, A, and E horizon
- C - sandstone, shale, and limestone bedrock
- dry climate
- temperature (weathering)
- warmer, faster reactions
- two kinds of schist
- mica schist and talc schist
- cataclastic metamorphism 4
- ductile at great depth produces "mylonites"
- chemical sedimentary rock 1
- biochemical precipitates by organisms, classified by composition (carbonates)
- chemical sedimentary rock 2
- chemical precipitates from enriched water, usually by evaporation (evaporation)
- all levels of metamorphism and rock types
- quartz, feldspar
- anthracite coal
- smooth texture
- sedimentary environments
- a geographic location characterized by environmental conditions and geological processes
- plants and animals
- organic matter, acids, burrowing
- bituminous to anthracite occurs at the _____ stage
- compaction, metamorphism
- K-Spar, Biotite, Na-Plagioclase, Amphiboles, Pyroxene
- moderate weathering rate
- chemical fluids (water) sources
- pores in rock (squeezed in burial), mineral structure (dehydration), sea water (circulating near spreading centers)
- sedimentary structures
- stratification, cross-bedding, graded bedding, ripple marks, mud cracks, rain drip imprints, trace fossils/bioturbation/fossil tracks
- mechanical weathering purpose
- increases surface area on which chemical weathering acts
- low grade (200 deg.); no alteration; slate, phyllite
- chlorite, muscovite (mica), biotite (mica)
- lower energy settings
- deltas, beaches, bars, deep sea fans
- magma to igneous
- cooling
- slope
- angle, position, and aspect
- siltstone 3
- deposited lower energy rivers
- siltstone 2
- sand of minerals derived from igneous rocks (mostly quartz)
- mafic igneous bedrock
- wet climate
- schist 4
- accessory "index" minerals (garnet, staurolite)
- metamorphic to magma
- melting
- thermal expansion
- requires great variation in daily temperatures; most effective in dry climates
- depositional facies
- coexisting sets of sedimentary environments
- schist
- strongly foliated
- thin or absent humus
- wet climate
- coquina 2
- deposited on beach or reef flank
- peat
- partially altered plant material
- anthracite coal 2
- uneven or conchoidal fracture
- order of coal formation
- peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
- chemical sedimentary rocks; evaporites
- travertine and tufa, rock salt, gypsum
- metamorphism
- changed form of a rock
- C - granite bedrock
- temperate climate
- slate 2
- low-grade metamorphism of shale
- metamorphism 3
- causes changes in rock properties
- metamorphic rock to sediment
- weathering
- organic sedimentary rock
- coal deposits of terrestrial vegetation
- sand
- sandstone
- foliation occurs
- through solid state solution and under stress
- sedimentary rock to sediment
- weathering
- carbonic acid
- carbon dioxide + water
- gypsum 2
- Similar environment to Halite
- pedalfer describe
- "Al"- aluminum-rich clays and "Fer"- iron-oxides in the B horizon; In mid-latitudes of moderate rainfall, soluble minerals are leached; Best under forests with large quantities of organic acids; Eastern U.S.
- controls on weathering: rock characteristics
- solubility, structure
- contact metamorphism 2
- creates "aureoles" of various sizes depending on size of intrusion and crock compositions
- slate 5
- used for billiard tables, roofs, blackboards
- mineral matter
- weathered rock
- texture (metamorphic)
- foliation and grain size
- slate 4
- color: black (organic), red (iron oxide), green (chlorite)
- regional metamorphism 4
- produces "migmatites"---a ig-met transitional rock
- Tower Karst in "Stone Forest" China
- calcite + carbonic acid = calcium + bicarbonate
- clastic sedimentary rocks; detrital
- conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, shale
- coquina
- coarse fragments of shell fragments
- gneiss 3
- mostly elongated and granular minerals
- cataclastic metamorphism 3
- brittle near the surface produces "breccias"
- contact
- near a mass of magma
- clay
- average igneous rocks weathered chemically
- breccia
- composed of angular, poorly sorted, gravel sized particles
- biochemical sedimentary rocks; carbonates
- coquina, limestone, dolomite (dolostone)
- rainfall (weathering)
- more water, more weathering
- hydrolysis
- reaction with water; silicates weather by this
- laterite describe
- contains virtually no organic matter; In tropical-latitudes of very high rainfall, intensely leaching Silica, leaving Al, Fe; Very poor for growing crops; Found under lush tropical vegetation; Southeastern U.S.
- dfferential stress
- exerted in a direction during mountain building (stress is applied unequally, usually compression)
- sedimentary rock forming process
- deposition, burial, and lithification
- deposition, current action, drying, soft deformation/impressions, biologic activity
- Features in sedimentary rocks formed by processes active in the environment of deposition
- marble 4
- used for carvings and building stones
- gneiss 2
- cleavage rare, usually breaks in irregular fashion
- thick masses of insoluble iron and aluminum oxides; occasional quartz
- wet climate
- conglomerate
- composed of poorly sorted, rounded, gravel sized particles
- marble 2
- carbonate parent, thus soluble in rain
- detrital sedimentary rock
- pieces of broken rock, classified by particle size
- example of sedimentary environment
- caribbean beach
- what does texture tell you (3)
- source of material, energy of environment, distance of travel
- quartzite
- hard (H=6), coarse, crystalline, breaks across grains
- heat
- recrystallization of minerals
- pedalfer
- temperate climate
- rock salt 3
- Inflow with evaporation causes precipitation
- formation of coal
- burial, compaction, greater burial, compaction, metamorphism, stress
- B - calcium carbonate pellets and nodules precipitated
- dry climate
- regional
- during mountain building
- C horizon
- partially altered plant material
- schist 2
- splits into flakes or slabs
- transported parent material
- developed on unconsolidated deposits
- A - Humus and leached soil (quartz and clay minerals present)
- temperate climate
- igneous to sediment
- weathering and deposition
- travertine and tufa
- Inorganically precipitated CaCO3
- hydrolysis chemistry
- Feldspar +Carbonic Acid + Water = Kaolinite + Dissolved Silica +Dissolved Potassium + Dissolved Bicarbonate
- anthracite is found in
- high leveles of stress, pressure
- dissolution
- Dissolving action of polar molecules of water and weak acids; Carbonic acid produced by dissolving CO2 in rainwater; Halite, Gypsum and limestone are particularly susceptible to dissolution
- contact metamorphism 3
- may have index materials present
- agents of metamorphism
- heat, pressure, chemically active fluids
- chemical weathering purpose
- weakens the rock for easier mechanical processes
- soil (weathering)
- humic acids aid chemical weathering
- sediment to sedimentary rock
- lithification
- moderate energy settings
- deltas, beaches, bars, deep sea fans
- Hematite, Quartz, Clay Minerals, Muscovite Mica
- slowest weathering rate
- organic matter
- humus
- shale 2
- deposited in quiet energy environments
- oxidation chemistry
- Pyroxene + Oxygen = Hematite + Dissolved Silica
- four mechanical processes
- frost wedging, unloading, thermal expansion, organic activity
- erosion
- weathered products are removed by running water
- chemically active fluids
- water squeezed from minerals and rocks aid ion migration leading to recrystallization or ion exchange to form new minerals
- igneous source of material
- melting of rocks in hot, deep crust and upper mantle
- A natural process, part of the Rock Cycle
- soil erosion
- cataclastic metamorphism 5
- localized and not significant worldwide
- high grade (800 deg); gneiss, melting
- staurolite, sillimanite
- parent material
- residual or transported
- metamorphic alteration is
- textural and mineralogical
- three chemical processes
- dissolution, oxidation, hydrolysis
- climate
- temperature and precipitation
- limestone
- calcium carbonate particles
- quiet energy environments
- lakes, lagoons, mudflats, deep sea
- sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock
- heat and pressure
- phyllite
- between slate and schist
- laterite
- wet climate
- B horizon
- accumulation of clay transported from above
- sheeting a.k.a.
- exfoliation
- igneous rock to metamorphic rock
- weathering
- marble
- soft (H=3), coarse crystalline
- limestone 2
- generally contains fossils of extinct marine invertebrates
- mechanical weathering
- solid rock is fragmented by physical processes that do not change the rock's composition
- conservation farming reduces ______ rates
- soil erosion
- quartzite 2
- sandstone parent, thus very resistant to weathering
- 2500 year old Greek ruins
- Dissolution of (limestone) Carbonates
- chemical weathering
- minerals in the rock are altered or chemically dissolved
- regional metamorphism 3
- index materials present
- Subsoil
- E and B horizon
- silt
- siltstone
- dissolved salts
- average igneous rocks weathered by a solution
- E horizon
- light colored mineral particles; zone of eluvation and leaching
- nonfoliated rocks
- quartzite and marble
- mechanical weathering describe
- disintegration of rock into smaller pieces; each piece contains the chemical characteristics of the larger piece
- slate
- fine-grained
- changes in rock properities
- textural and mineralogy, or grade
- metamorphic grades
- slaty, phyllitic, schistose, gneissic
- metamorphic rock forming processes
- recrystallization in solid state of new minerals
- two types of sorting
- moderately to well sorted, poorly sorted
- phyllite 2
- larger crystals but not yet visible (mostly muscovite and chlorite)
- cobbles and pebbles
- conglomerates and breccias
- sedimentary source of material
- weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at surface
- burial
- low grade confining stress
- anthracite
- hard, black coal; used in industry; high energy
- dolomite (dolostone) 3
- Takes a long time (no young Dolostone)
- diagenesis
- Transforming sediment into rock by heat, pressure and chemistry
- joints
- weathering begins along...
- metamorphism
- occurs in various geological settings
- phyllite 3
- glossy sheen
- chemical weathering describe
- chemical reactions at the mineral surface; changes the chemical composition of mineral and rock
- cataclastic metamorphism 2
- rock is pulverized
- anthracite coal 5
- highest BTU and cleanest
- naming metamorphic rocks involves
- determining the texture (foliated or nonfoliated); determining the mineralogic composition
- lithification involves
- compaction, cementation, dissolution (of soluble minerals), recrystallization (of unstable minerals)
- A horizon
- mineral matter mixed with some humus
- pressure's elements
- confining pressure, differential stress
- O horizon
- loose and partly decayed organic matter
- limestone 3
- deposited on shallow seafloor
- mass wasting
- weathered products are removed by gravity down a slope
- coal 3
- terrestrial swamp environment
- texture consists of
- sorting and particle shape
- bituminous
- soft, black coal; major coal used in power generation and industry; high energy
- iron oxide (rust)
- oxygen with iron
- structure (weathering)
- differential weathering
- confining pressure
- exerted by the load above during burial (stress is applied equally in all directions)
- soil
- a combination of mineral matter and organic matter, water solution and soil gas
- breccia 3
- fragment compositions reveal source
- lignite to bituminous occurs at the _____ stage
- compaction, greater burial
- coal 4
- Anoxic, bacteria cause partial decomposition and increase in carbon content
- Amphibole, Biotite, Sodium feldspar
- moderate temperature; moderately resistant
- frost wedging
- freeze/thaw action on cracks
- chemical fluids purpose
- promotes mineral recrystallization, ion exchange and chemical alteration
- sandstone
- sand of minerals derived from igneous rocks (mostly quartz)
- Potassium feldspar, Muscovite, Quartz
- lowest temperature (last to crystallize), most resistant to chemical weathering
- metamorphic source of material
- rocks under high temperatures and pressures in deep crust and upper mantle
- weathering
- the disintegration and decomposition of rocks at Earth's surface
- texture: particle sizes
- boulder, cobble, pebble, granule, sand, silt, mud, clay
- regional metamorphism 2
- produces "metamorphic zones"
- cataclastic metamorphism
- occurs at faults
- gypsum
- CaSO4-2H3O
- anthracite coal 3
- from bituminous, lignite, or peat
- rock salt 2
- Precipitated on bed of shallow arm of sea with restricted circulation
- gneiss
- banded texture
- biological activity
- physical wedging by roots
- marble 3
- colors from impurities
- lignite
- soft, brown coal; moderate energy
- controls of soil formation
- parent material, slope, climate, plants and animals, time
- breccia 2
- deposited in high energy settings, but very close to the source area
- controls on weathering: climate
- rainfall, temperature, soil
- rates of ______ vary by landscape features
- soil erosion
- sand
- average igneous rocks weathered mechanically
- coal 2
- accumulation and burial of plant remains
- travertine and tufa 3
- Deposited in shallow sea
- gypsum 3
- Different water chemistry, usually follows precipitation of Halite
- sandstone 2
- deposited in moderate energy settings
- R
- Unweathered parent material
- slate 3
- excellent rock cleavage at high angle to bedding
- dolomite (dolostone) 2
- Formed when magnesium in sea water replaces calcium in limestone
- schist 3
- contains 50% platy and elongated materials
- solubility (weathering)
- based on mineral composition
- turning sediment into rock requires
- deposition and burial
- cataclastic
- along fault zones
- rock salt
- NaCl
- gniess 4
- commonly felsic minerals
- siltstone
- similar to sandstone, smaller grains
- shale
- clay sized particles derived from weathering of igneous minerals (feldspars)
- igneous rock forming process
- crystallization (solidification of magma)
- thin leached zone
- wet climate
- Sandstones, Arches NP, Utah
- product of oxidation
- Ca-Plagioclase, Olivine, Calcite, Halite
- fastest weathering rate
- controls on weathering: time
- length of exposure