bio vocab 2 2

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includes tarsiers, prosimians (lemurs and lorises), and anthropoids (monkeys, apes, and humans): primates
all extinct human-like species and modern humans: hominids
upright walking - which frees hands for novel tasks: bipedalism
the sum of all behavioral patterns of a social group, passed on through generations by way of learning and symbolic behavior: culture
members of the genus Homo: humans
a donor cell's sex pilus latches onto a recipient cell and then retracts, pulling it close: prokaryotic conjugation
a small, self-replicating circle of DNA with just a few genes: plasmid
infectious, disease-causing agents that invade target species and multiply in or on them: pathogens
like the first eukaryotic cells - they have a nucleus, but most are single-celled organisms (parasites, decomposers, etc.): protists
heterotrophic protists that live as single cells, and move using one or more flagella: flagellated protozoans
among microbes, it is a protective covering that forms from cell secretions. Cells can survive outside the host body, inside these: cyst
these get nutrients from nonliving organic material. Most fungi are these.: saprobes
some fungi live in a mutually beneficial partnership with a photosynthetic organism that supplies the fungus with nutrients. This relationship is called...: mutualism
the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of branched filaments: mycelium
the filament in a mycelium: hypha
a noncellular infectious agent with 2 characteristics: a protein coat wrapped around genetic material, and a few enzymes. It cannot reproduce itself, instead, the host cell is tricked into making copies of it: virus
viruses that infect bacteria: bacteriophages
the removal of all trees from large tracks of land: deforestation
a haploid gamete-making body: gameotophyte
after 2 gametes fuse at fertilazation and become diploid zygote forms, it grows and develops into this...: sporophyte
produced by a sporophyte, it is a resting structure that withstands unfavorable environmental conditions, as well as giving rise to new gameophytes: spore
in embryos, cell divisions give rise to these 3 primary tissues...: ectoderm, endoderm, and in most cases, mesoderm
animals that have a backbone: vertebrates
backboneless animals (account for most species): invertebrates
tiny, soft-bodied species shaped like disks, fronds, and blobs that were living on or in seafloor sediments by 610 million years ago: Ediarcarans
when body parts are arrayed around a central point: radial symmetry
body parts that mirror eachother: bilateral symmetry
a concentration of nerve and sensory cells in the anterior end of the body. Most bilateral groups have this: cephalization
bilateral animals that have 4 unique features that appear in embryos and often persist into adulthood: chordate
a group of organisms that have a chamber of cartilage or bone that encloses the brain. This includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals: craniates
the hinged, bony feeding structure in some organisms: jaws
segments of the internal skeleton that are made of bone or cartilage: vertebrae
appendages that help propel, stabalize, and guide the fish body through water: fins
respiratory organs with moist, thin folds and adjacent blood vessels: gills
internally moistened sacs for gas exchange: lungs
model that explains for different patterns (rapid then gradual) of speciation: puntuation model of speciation
a burst of divergences from a single lineage. It gives rise to many new species: adaptive radiation
A set of different niches that become filled typically with by a related group of species. Adaptive radiation requires these: adaptive zones
A way for a species to enter an adaptive zone: a chance modification in some body structure or function gives it the opportunity to exploit the new environment more efficiently: key innovation
an irrevable loss of a species: extinction
catastrophic losses of entire families or other groups: mass extinction
plant stems together with leaves. Above ground.: shoots
plant structures that grow downward and outward through soil: roots
localized regions of actively dividing cells that give rise to plant tissues: meristems
a kind of meristem that is in shoot and root tips, where all plant parts begin lengthening: apical meristem
a kind of meristem that increases the thickness of stems and roots: lateral meristems
a kind of plant tissue that makes up the most of the soft, new primary growth of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.: parenchyma
a kind of plant tissue that forms patches or rings in many lengthening stems and leaf stalks: collenchyma
a kind of plant tissue that gains strength to resist compression from fungal attacks: sclerenchyma
a vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved mineral ions, and it structurally supports the plant: xylem
a vascular tissue that conducts sugars and other organic solutes: phloem
a dermal tissue that is typically a single layer of cells that secrete waxes and cutin onto their wall: epidermis
a dermal tissue that is a covering that helps the plant conserve water and deflect attacks by some pathogens. This is formed from empidermal cell secretions: cuticle
a small gap that forms across the epidermis when guard cells swell and move apart: stoma
leaflike structures that store or absorb food for plant embryos: cotyledons
multistranded cords that thread lengthwise through all ground tissue systems inside the stem: vascular bundles
a sugar factory that has many photosynthetic cells. Comes in many different shapes and sizes: leaf
vascular bundles in leaves: veins
a shoot's main zone of primary growth. It is a undeveloped shoot of meristem tissue: bud
these plants conserve water by opening their stomata at night. The next day, when their stomata closes, they use carbon dioxide in PS. An example is cacti: CAM plants
organic compounds rapidly flow through these tubes. They are located in phloem.: sieve tubes
these cells load organic compounds into neighboring sieve tubes: companion cells
the process that moves sucrose and all other dissolved compounds through the phloem of a vascular plant. High pressure drives this process: translocation
this theory says that organic compounds flow from a source to a sink because internal pressure builds up at the source end of the sieve tube system and pushes the solute-rich solution on toward any sink where solutes are being removed: pressure flow theory
molecules that capture light energy. They are the bridges from sunlight to PS. Each kind can absorb only specific wavelengths of light, and the rest are transmitted thru the molecule or reflected by it: pigment
the first stage of reaction in PS, when sunlight is converted to chemical bond energy of ATP: light-dependent reactions
the 2nd stage of reaction in PS, when glucose is made: light-independent reactions
the organelles of PS in all plants and certain protists: chloroplasts
the semifluid interior of the chloroplast that is enclosed by 2 outer membranes: stroma
this forms a compartment inside the stroma. It folds back on itself into what often looks like stacks of pancakes. The light-dependent reactions occur in this: thylakoid membrane
arrays of hundreds of pigments and other molecules that are "reaction centers." Chloroplasts have 2 types.: photosystems
a type of active transport protein: ATP synthases
a pathway that runs inside the stroma of chloroplasts. Sugars are formed in this: Calvin-Benson cycle
this enzyme contributes to the starting of the Calvin-Benson cycle: rubisco
the process of securing carbon from the environment by incorporating it into a stable organic compound: carbon fixation
plants who's photosynthetic cells are exposed to too much O2 and too little CO2, making it hard to produce sugar: C3 plants
these plants fix carbon twice, and can make more sugar on dry days: C4 plants
the breaking down of carbohydrates in pathways that do not use O2 to make ATP: fermentation
a breakdown pathway that uses O2 to extract energy very efficiently from glucose and other carbs: aerobic respiration
the reaction where enzymes rearrange a 6-carbon glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic molecules. Few ATP are formed.: glycolysis
an organic compound with a 3-carbon backbone: pyruvate
in this reaction enzymes break down pyruvate to CO2 and H2O. Few ATP are formed.: Krebs cycle
in this reaction O2 inside the mitochondrion accepts electrons and H2 at the end of the chains, forming H2O. Produces a lot of ATP: electron transfer phosphorylation
the 1st energy-releasing step of glycolsis, when 4 ATP are formed: substrate-level phosphorylation
the behavior is performed without having first been learned by actual experience in the environment: instinctive behavior
a program of coordinated muscle activity that will run to completion independently of feedback from the environment. This occurs after an organism recognizes a certain sign stimuli (one or two simple, well-defined environmental cues): fixed action pattern
when organisms process info about experiences and use it to change or vary responses to stimuli: learned behavior
a form of learning triggered by exposure to a simple stimulus during a sensitive period, usually early in life: imprinting
intraspecific interactions that involve mixes of instinctive and learned behaviors by which individuals send and respond to cues. These have unambiguous meaning for a species: communication signals
a simple society formed (not consciously) by reproductive self-interest: selfish herd
genes associated with altruism can be favored by selection if they lead to behavior that will increase the number of offspring by an altruit's closest relatives: inclusive fitness
these are released from axon endings of neurons and act swiftly on target cells by diffusing across a tiny space between them: neurotransmitters
these molecules modify the conditions in nearby tissues: local signaling molecules
relays signals from outside the cell to target molecules inside the cell: second messenger
specialized reproductive shoots of a diploid sporophyte: flowers
a plant body that grows by mitotic division of a fertilized egg, leads to the formation of male and female gametophytes: sporophyte
male reproductive parts of a flower. They usually consist of an anther on top of a thin stalk of filament: stamen
the top part of a stamen that has 2-6 pairs of pollen sacs: anther
a flower's female reproductive parts. The upper portion of this is the stigma: carpel
the carpel's lower, swollen portion: ovary
structures in a which a haploid, egg-producing female gametophyte forms. Inside the ovary: ovules
air currents, animals, or any other agent that transfers pollen grains from male to female reproductive parts of flowering plants: pollenators
leads to the production of male gametophytes: microspores
leads to the production of female gametophyte: megaspores
triploid nutritive tissue in the seeds of flowering plants: endosperm
when one pollen grain lands on a receptive stigma, which leads to germination: pollination
seed leaves: cotyledons
the embryo, its food reserves, and the seed coat that now constitutes the mature ovule in this self-contained package: seed

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