Midterm Review
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Silk roads
- connected European, Chinese, and Indian civilizations; allowed spread of goods, ideas
- Zhenghe
- Chinese Muslim admiral; commanded series of trade expeditions under Ming dynasty between 1405 and 1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire
- Sanskrit
- sacred and classical Indian language
- sinification
- extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam
- Bhaktic cults
- Hindu groups dedicated to gods/godesses; most widely worshipped gods=Vishnu/Shiva; strong emotional bonds between members and gods
- Confucius
- born in 6th century B.C.; need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among shi
- Iconaclasm
- religious controversy in Byzantine empire in 8th century; emperor attempted to stop veneration of icons; "breaking of images"; icon veneration restored after long struggle
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- Portuguese prince responsible for series of expeditions along African coast in 15th century; beginning of western European expansion
- Sudanic states
- kingdoms that developed during height of Ghana's power; included Mali and Songhay
- daimyo
- warlord rulers of 300 small states following disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; consolidated into mini-states
- Batu
- ruler of Golden Horde; grandson of Chinggis Khan; invasion of Russia 1236
- DeMedici family
- k
- Florence
- k
- Kubilai Khan
- grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; khagan in 1260; established Yuan dynasty 1271
- Grand Canal
- built in 7th century under Yangdi of Sui dynasty; nearly 1200 miles long
- White Lotus Society
- secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China
- Gempei wars
- waged for 5 years from 1180 on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira
- Ibn-Rushd
- k
- Sufis
- mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia
- Great Wall
- initiated in Qin dynasty by Shi Huangdi
- samurai
- mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders; loyal to local lords, not emperor
- Shamanistic religion
- k
- Marco Polo
- k
- vassals
- members of military elite; received land or benefice; provided service
- Iberian Peninsula
- k
- Muhammad
- born 570, revelations 610, death 632
- Prester John
- mythical Christian monarch; supposedly cut off from Europe by Muslim conquests; Chinggis Khan originally believed to be Prester John
- stateless societies
- African societies organized around kinship; lacking concentration of political power and authority
- Hammurabi's code
- Hammurabi was Babylonian ruler; most famous early code of law
- Toltecs
- succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strongly militaristic; human sacrifice; declined after 1200 A.D.
- Inquisition
- k
- Aztecs
- k
- Saladin
- Muslim leader in last decades of 12th century; reconquered most of crusader outposts for Islam
- Mali
- k
- Seljuk Turks
- nomadic invaders of Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis, ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century
- Giotto
- k
- Ming Dynasty
- succeeded Yuan dynasty; lasted until 1644; initially lots of trade expeditions; then focused on internal development
- Trung sisters
- Hai ba Trung Rebellion 40 A.D.; drowned themselves in river when defeated by Chinese; they were Vietnamese
- bedouin
- nomads of Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam
- Charles Martel
- ended Muslim threat to western Europe; defeated them at battle of Tours 732; Carolingian monarch of Franks
- civilization
- societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups
- Golden Horde
- one of 4 subdivisions of Mongol empire after death of Chinggis Khan; ruled by Batu; territory covered much of today's southern Russia
- Portugal, Castile, and Aragon
- Castile and Aragon united in 1469 through marriage of Isabel and Ferdinand
- Hagia Sofia
- new church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian
- Paleolithic period
- most of the period during which humans have been alive; ended 12,000 B.C.; stone tools; hunting and gathering
- consuls
- two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by annual assembly dominated by aristocracy
- Ethnocentrism
- k
- seppuku
- ritual suicide of samurai in Japan
- footbinding
- painful practice of making Chinese women's feet smaller; restricted movement; easier to confine women to household
- Chinggis Khan
- born 1170s; khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; conquest of northern kingdoms of China; far west as Abbasid regions; died 1227
- Yang Guifei
- royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt
- Almoravids
- puritanical reformist movement among Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076
- Vasco de Gama
- Portuguese captain who sailed for India in 1497; established early Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean
- Ashoka
- completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; spread Buddhism
- ap
- k
- Humanism
- focus on humankind as center of intellectual/artistic endeavor
- world
- k
- architecture (columns)
- Doric--simple, square; Ionic--double swirl; Corinthian--elaborate swirls
- manorialism
- more economic than feudalism; rent or labor for access to land
- Charlemagne
- Carolingian monarch who set up empire in France and Germany 800 A.D.; Charles the Great
- Beijing
- k
- Ethiopia
- Christian kingdom in Africa; King Lalaibela
- Kiev
- trade city in southern Russia; founded 9th century; focal point for Russian kingdom 12th century
- Justinian
- Eastern Roman emperor from 527-565 A.D.; tried to restore unity of Roman empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law
- caste system
- divided into professions; rigid; almost impossible to rise; untouchables at bottom performed menial labor
- city-states
- k
- Christopher Columbus
- Genoese captain in service of king/queen of Castile and Aragon (Isabel and Ferdinand); initiated European discoveries in Americas
- Yellow Turbans
- Chinese Daoists; launched revolt in 184 A.D. in China; promising golden age to be brought about by divine magic
- flying money
- Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency
- Buddha
- enlightened one; originally Siddhartha Guatama; in 563 B.C. he challenged Hindu beliefs
- Timur-i Lang
- leader of Turkic nomads, 1360s launched attacks on Persia, India, Fertile Crescent, southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405
- Francesco Petrarch
- one of major literary figures of western Renaissance
- Demographic Transition
- shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population in western Europe in late 19th century
- Theodora
- k
- tumens
- fighting units of Mongol forces; 10,000 cavalry; divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10
- Islam
- means submission to Allah
- Inca Socialism
- view of Incas by Spanish historians as utopia; every community contributed to the whole
- Black Death
- plague in Europe in 14th century
- Hundred Year's War
- conflict between England and France; 1337-1453; fought over English lands in France and feudal rights vs. claims of national states
- Punic wars
- fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in western Mediterranean; after 3 conflicts, Rome won
- chinampas
- floating gardens used by Aztecs
- Neolithic period
- 8000-5000 B.C.; adaptation of sedentary agriculture; domestication of plants and animals
- Crusades
- holy wars launched by Christians in an attempt to win back the Holy Land from the Muslims; originally captured Jerusalem, set up Christian kingdoms; later used as commerical wars or to exterminate heresy
- junks
- Chinese ships with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas
- Taika reforms
- attempt to remake Japanese monarch into absolute Chinese-style emperor; attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army
- Machiavelli
- author of The Prince 16th century; realistic discussions of how to seize/maintain power; one of most influential authors of Renaissance
- Shintoism
- Japan; numerous gods/spirits associated with nature; offers of food and prayers
- split inheritance
- Inca practice of descent; titles and political power to successor; wealth and land to male descendants
- Leonardo da Vinci
- "Renaissance Man"--well-rounded man; paintings, sculptures, architecture, science, engineering, inventing; 1452-1519
- shogun
- military leaders of government in 12th century Japan
- Chabi
- wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted Buddhist interests in China; refused Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese
- Daoism
- Laozi; need for connection with Dao/cosmic force
- tale of Genji
- written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; evidence of mannered style of Japanese society
- Olmec
- Indian group in Central America 800-400 B.C.; lacked writing; religious pyramid-like structures
- Vivaldi Brothers
- two Genoese brothers; attempted to find Western route to Indies; disappeared 1291
- Cyril/Methodius
- missionaries sent by Byzantine empire to eastern Europe and Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; written script Cyrillic
- 5 pillars
- confession of faith (no God but Allah), pray facing Mecca five times a day, fasting during Ramadan, zakat (charity tax), hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
- Mesopatamia
- civilizations that arose in the Tigris-Euphrates valleys
- Hinduism
- Vishnu=preserver; Shiva=destroyer; no one founder; no one religious figure
- Heian period
- k
- Qur'an
- revelations by Allah to Muhammad; "Muslim Bible"
- Constantine
- Roman emperor from 312-337 A.D.; established 2nd capital at Constantinople; attempted to unify empire under Christianity
- Legalism
- strict; emphasis on military
- feudalism
- exchanging grants of land or fiefs for formal oaths of allegiance and loyal service; Zhou dynasty, European Middle Ages; protection for military service
- Renaissance
- began in Italy in 1400; urban vitality and expanding commerce; distinctly secular in literature and art