Psychology unit one test
Terms
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- at what number does a neuron reach action potential
- +50
- Where do positive messages enter through on a neuron?
- dendrites
- threshold
- the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse (exitory-> triggery)
- synapse
- when axon terminals meet up with the dendrites
- synaptic vesicles
- they release neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft then bind onto receptor sites as they bind onto the next neuron
- synaptic cleft
- the gap between 2 neurons
- neurotransmitters
- chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
- sensory neurons
- relay info from the senses to brain to spinal cord
- motor neurons
- carry outgoing info from brain to muscles to glands
- interneurons
- carry information between neurons in brain
- agonist
- close enough to our natural neurotransmitters that it can create same effect
- antagonist
- molecule about the same size that it block off the neurotransmitters but can't mimic effect of the neurotransmitter
- Ach
- triggers muscle contraction, involved in learning ex:Caffeine and nicotine are ach agonists
- endorphins
- linked to paincontrol and to pleaure ex; morphine is endorphin agonist
- what are the 2 divisions of the nervous system
- central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
- Central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord
- peripheral nervous system
- is made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord autonomic nervous system. consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous system
- autonomic nervous system
- nerves to bheart blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands. branches to sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- parasympathetic division
- conserves bodily resources
- sympathetic division
- mobilizes bodily resources
- afferent nerves
- incoming nerves
- efferent nerves
- outgoing nerves
- somatic nervous system
- nerves to voluntary muscles, sensory receptors
- Structures in the hindbrain
- cerebellum, medulla, and pons
- structures in the forebrain
- thalamus, cerebrum, limbic system, hypothalamus
- structures in the cerebrum
- prefrontal cortex, frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, occipital lobes
- structures of the limbic system
- hippocampus and amygdala
- synaptic transmittion
- synthesis and storange -> release -> binding -> inactivation or removal or reuptake
- Brainstem
- the oldest part of the brain and automatic survival functions
- medulla
- controls heartbeat and breathing, helps regulate blood circulation and regulate muscle tone
- reticular formation
- controls arousal
- pons
- body movement, sleep and dreaming
- cerebellum
- coordinate voluntary movement and balance this area is affected by alcohol
- thalamus
- relay station for senses, language production but smell doesn't go through the thalamus
- the limbic system is considered..
- border between older and newer functions of the brain. controls drives and emotional control
- amygdala
- aggression and fear. sleep deprevation makes the amygdala hyperactive
- hypothalamus
- helps trigger addiction. flight, flee, feeding, fornication
- hippocampus
- processes memory
- cerebral cortex
- language complex memories
- corpus callosum
- large band of neural fibers
- frontal lobes
- making plans and judgement, motor cortex, brocas area, controls whether your outgoing or shy, brocas area in frontal lobe allows you to move your mouth and tongue, produce language
- parietal lobes
- the somatosensory cortex
- occipital lobes
- visual cortex- why if you hit your head hard enough in back of head you see stars
- temporal lobes
- auditory complex, wernickes area
- sensations
- how we detect and encode physical energy
- perceptions
- how we organize and interpret this information
- 2 processing modes
- bottom up and top down
- bottom up processing
- start with sensory info and then interpret
- top down processign
- start with mental idea and apply to sensory info
- process of sensation
- sensory receptors detect stimuli, transduction, transferred via chain of neurons to brain, sensory adaptation
- transduction
- how stimuli is converted to neural impulse
- sensory adaptation
- receptors acclimate to unchanging stimulation
- visual receptors
- consist of rods and cones which are organized into receptive fields
- where are visual signals processed and distributed
- thalamus then to occipital lobe
- what triggers sight?
- electromagnetic energy
- what is the hearing stimulus?
- soundwaves pass through medium
- what are the receptors for hearing?
- tiny hair cells that line the basilar membrane inside the cochlea
- how is hearing stimuli converted to a neural impluse
- when fluid moves over the hair cells, they bend and trigger a neural impulse
- what areas of the brain process hearing?
- temporal lobes
- what triggers stimulus for taste?
- 5 tastes: Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
- what are the receptors for taste?
- taste buds on the tongue
- what are of the brain processes taste?
- thalamus then the frontal lobe
- what triggers stimuls for sense?
- airborne chemicals
- what receptors convert stimuli to a neural impuls for smell?
- olfactory stimuli
- what is the only sense that doesn't go through the thalamus?
- sense/smell
- where in the brain is smell processed?
- temporal lobe and limbic system
- what triggers sense?
- mechanical,thermal, and chemical energy that impinge on the skin
- what receptors convert stimuli to a neural impulse with touch?
- 6 skin receptors
- what part of the brain is touch processed?
- parietal lobe
- binocular and monocular cues are forms of..
- depth perception
- outer ear (pinna)
- funels sounds to auditory ear canal which funnels sound to ear drum where it starts a chain of vibration
- How is consciousness measured physically?
- EEg moniters brains electrical activity
- Which brain waves are most active?
- beta
- what stage does dreaming happen in ?
- theta stage
- experiments
- enable ust to focus on the effects of a factor by manipulating that factor
- what is the only way to determine causal relationships
- experiment
- independent variable
- the experimental factor that is manipulated
- dependent variable
- the behavior or mental process that's measured . this is what you change
- what element of an experiment of experiment do you change?
- dependent variable
- operational definition
- how we will measure or define a variable
- experimental condition
- group that is exposed to the independent variable
- control condition
- the group that is exposed to the same experimental environment but is not given the treatment
- Socrates and Plato believed in ...
- innate knowledge and that its something we are born with
- descartes believed what?
- that our mind and body are separate entities. like when you die your knowledge lives on
- Wilhelm wundt
- used a chronoscope to experiment human reaction time. science with him was used to examine the mind
- what was the goal of structuralism?
- to break consciousness into basic elements
- Who came up with the idea of Structuralism?
- Tictner
- What is introspection?
- systematic observation of one's consciousness
- What are the rules of introspection
- The observer must 1.know when the experience begins and ends 2. The observer must maintain "strained attention" 3.the phenomenon must bear repetition 4.phenomenon must be capable of variation
- William James
- father of functionalism
- What is the view of functionalism
- it gives us a sense of mortality and allows us to better preserve ourselves
- psychoanalysis
- focus on unconscious and early childhood experiences and has the idea that there is a bunch of subconscious memories hidden beneath us that affect people's behavior
- behaviorism
- only studies observable behaviors and is determined by environment
- Humanistic
- study of how people can be the best they can be and states we will make choices for personal growth
- Cognitive Psych
- focuses on the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
- Biological Psych
- Behavior described in terms of the psychological process, involves brain and nervous system
- Evolutionary Psych
- says natural selection occurs for behavioral as well as physical characteristics
- sociocultural psych
- deals with ethnocentrism and how culture and society affect behavior
- What are the three most important steps of the scientific method?
- 1.generate theory 2.hypothesis 3.research and observations
- What are the three descriptive research methods?
- Case study, survey, and naturalistic observation
- Franz Gall
- studied phrenology, and told people their personality traits by looking at their head
- Neuron
- building block of the nervous system and allows for communication
- dendrites
- receive messages from other cells
- cell body (soma)
- the cells life support center
- Axon
- passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
- neural impulse
- electrical signal traveling down the axon (action potential)
- myelin sheath
- covers the axon of some neurons and speeds up neural impulse
- terminal branches
- form junction of neuron
- What are the 3 main types of neurons?
- 1.sensory neurons (afferent) 2.motor neurons (efferent) 3.Interneurons
- pupil
- the opening in the center of the iris that changes size as the amount of light changes
- Retina
- sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye. IT contains millions of photoreceptors (rods and cones) that convert light rays into electrical impulses that are relatyed to the brain via the optic nerve
- cornea
- the clear domeshaped tissue covering the front of the eye
- lens
- the crystalline structure located just behind the iris it focuses light onto the retina
- Iris
- the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light that enters the eye changing the size of the pupil
- optic nerve
- the nerve that transmits electrical impulses from the retina to the brain
- what is consciousness?
- awareness of internal and externall stimuli
- Non rem sleep is..
- the first four stages of the sleep cycle
- Stage 5 of sleep is?
- Rem sleep! The brain seems awake, vivid dreaming, eyes dart around
- What are reasons for sleep?
- immobilization to avoid danger,conserve energy, restore bodies resources,growth, improve learning and memory