Science 7 Midterm Flashcards
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- the 26 small bones that make up your back.
- vertebrae
-
the spaces in bone contain a soft connective tissue called
_________. - marrow
- a connective tissue that is more flexible than bone.
- cartilage
- most of the joints in our body that allow a wide range of movements are __________.
- moveable joints
-
joints in the body that connect bones in a way that allows little or no movement.
example: -
immovable joints
example:skull - a place where two bones come together
- joint
- muscles that aren't under your conscious control
-
involuntary muscles
ex.control breathing and digesting food - muscles that are under your control
-
voluntary muscles
ex. control breathing and digesting food - allows the greatest range of motion
-
ball and socket joint
ex. bones in skull, ribs to sternum - allows one bone to rotate over another
-
pivot joint
ex. the top of your neck - allows extensive forward or backward motion
-
hinge joint
ex. your knee - allows one bone to slide over another
-
gliding joint
ex. there is a gliding joint in your wrist. - a strong tissue by which the bones in movable joints are held together
- ligament
- a condidtion in which the body's bones become weak and break easily
- osteoporosis
- muscles that are attached to the bone of your skeleton
-
skeletal muscles
ex. biceps, triceps - involuntary muscles
- smooth muscles
- a tissue that has characteristics in common with both smooth and skeletal muscles. found only in heart.
- cardiac muscles
- the outermost layer of the skin
- epidermis
- a bacterial infection of the skin that can be difficult to control. it is related to hygieneand also blocks pores, results in pimple and pustules.
- acne
- the process by which your body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules. there are two types - mechanical and chemical.
- digestion
- the process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive system into your blood. materials that are not absorbed, such as fiber, are eliminated from the body as wastes.
- absorption
- a process that speeds up chemical reactions in your body, the chemical in saliva that digests starch is enzymes.
- enzyme
- a flap of tissue that is on the front of your windpipe or trachea, preventing the food from entering.
- epiglottis.
- a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
- esophagus
- a thick, slippery substance produced by the body.
- mucus
- involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.
- peristalsis
- a j shaped, muscular pouch located in the abdomen that expands to hold all of the food that is swallowed
- stomach
- the fluid that is released when your mouth waters. saliva mixes with food, moistening it and making it slippery.
- saliva
- a basic unit of structure and function in a living thing
- cell
- forms the boundary of the cell
- cell membrane
- the control center of the cell that directs the cell's activities including reproduction and contains information that determines the cell's characteristics. it also regulates what leaves the cell.
- nucleus
- the area between the cell membrane and the nucleus
- cytoplasm
- a group of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism
-
tissue
ex. nerve, muscle, epithelial or connective tissue - a body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move
-
muscle tissue
ex. heart, bicep - a body tissue that carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body
-
nerve tissue
ex. spinal cord - a body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts
-
connective tissue
ex. bone, located in rib cage, arms, legs - a body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out.
-
epilethial tissue
ex. outermost layer of the skin, lining of digestive system - a structure in the body that is composed of different kinds of tissue
-
organ
ex. lung, stomach, heart, liver, pancreas, brain, skin - a group of organs that work together to perform a major function in the body
-
organ system
ex. digestive, skeletal, nervous, muscular, respiratory, circulatory, excertory, immune, endocrine, reproductive - the process by which an organism's internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment
- homeostasis
- the reaction of a person's body and mind to threatening, challenging, or disturbing events.
- stress
- What are some physical responses to stress?
-
Sweating increases
Heart rate increases
More blood goes to the brain
Muscles tense
Hearing ability increases
Pupils dialate
Digestive system shuts down - __________ - a living thing. in case of human beings, they are a multi-cellular organism made up of many organ systems. an organism could however be as small as one cell.
- organism
- the part of the digestive system where most of the chemical digestion and absorption takes place
- small intestine
- the largest and heaviest organ inside the body; it breaks down substances and eliminates nitrogen from the body
- liver
- a substance that breaks up by particles
- bile
- the organ that stores bile
- gallbladder
- a triangular organ that lies between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine, it produces enzymes
- pancreas
- millions of tiny finger shaped structures that cover the surface of the small intestine
- villi
- the last section of the digestion system, no digestion takes place past this point.
- large intestine
- a short tube at the end of the large intestine, waste material is compressed into a solid form
- rectum
- a muscular (sphincter) opening at the end of the rectum, through which waste materials are eliminated from the body.
- anus
- ________ - produced in mouth, breaks down starches into sugar
- salivary amylase
- ________ - produced in stomach, breaks down proteins into shorter chains of amino acids.
- pepsin
- ________ - produced in stomach, provides an acid environment for pepsin, kills bacteria
- hydrochloric acid
- the outermost layer of skin
- epidermis
- a pigment, or colored substance, that gives skin its color
- melanin
- openings in your skin
- pores
- structures in the dermis which strands of hair grow in
- follicles
- a disease in which some body cells divide uncontrollably
- cancer
- What does the dermis contain?
- Pores, follicles, nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands
- Proteins from animals that provide you with all the essential amino acids.
- complete proteins
- proteins that come from plants and don't provide you with all the essential amino acids.
- incomplete proteins.
- Calorie w. a capital "C" is used to measure energy in ________.
- foods
- Your daily energy requirement depends on a person's ________. The more active you are, the _________ your energy needs are.
-
daily activity level
higher - nutrients which are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen {C-H-O}, and are a major source of energy.
- carbohydrates
- the substances in food that provide raw materials and energy the body needs to carry out all the essential body processes.
- nutrients
- one gram of carbs provides you with ___ Calories of energy.
- 4
- high energy nutrients that are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
- fats
- nutrients that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- proteins
- what are the three things that are composed of carbon, hydrogen(cho), and oxygen?
- carbs, fats, and proteins
- a strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
- tendon
- What are the differences between incomplete and complete proteins?
- Complete proteins come from animals, so they provide you w/ all the essential amino acids. Incomplete proteins come from plants, so they don't provide you with all of the essential amino acids.
- the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 celcius degree.
- one calorie
- simple carbohydrates
- sugars
- made up of many sugar molecules linked together in a chain
- complex carbohydrates
- starch is a complex carbohydrate found in a plant food such as
- potatoes, rice, corn, pasta, cereals, and bread
- a complex carbohydrate found in plant foods. can't be broken down into sugar molecules by your body.
- fiber
- Is fiber considered a nutrient? Why or why not?
- Fiber isn't a nutrient, because it can't be digested.
- How many (percentwise) of your Calories should come from carbs?
- 50% to 60%.
- Fats contain more than ____ as much energy as an equal amount of _______.
-
twice
carbohydrates - Unsaturated fats are usually _______ at room temperature.
- liquid
- Saturated fats are usually _________ at room temperature.
- solid
- Foods that contain saturated fat often contain _______.
- cholesterol
- Nutritionists recommend that no more than ____ of the Calories eaten each day come from fats.
- 30%
- Your ________ makes all the cholesterol your body needs. Therefore, cholesterol __ __ a necessary part of your diet.
-
liver
is not - the fat souble vitamins are
- A, D, E, K
- How many amino acids are there?
- 20
- ____ of your daily intake should come from proteins.
- 12%.
- Your body can make about ____ of the amino acids. ______ amino acids must come from your _______.
-
half
Essential
food - fat souble vitamins are stored in ____________.
- fatty tissue
- Nutrients that aren't made by living things
- minerals
- You get minerals by eating
- plant foods or animals that eat plants.
- a mineral needed for strong bones and teeth
- calcium
- makes up about 65% of a person's body weight
- water
- what is the most important nutrient
- water
- How much water should you drink every day under NORMAL conditions?
- 2 Liters.
- If the weather is hot or you are exercising, should you drink more water than 2 Liters a day? Why?
- Yes, you need to drink even more to replace the water you lose in sweat.
- From which group in the food pyramid should most of your servings come from?
- Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group.
- What are the groups in the food pyramid?
- Fats oils sweets, Milk cheese yogurt, Meat poultry fish drybeans eggs nuts, fruit, vegetables.
- What group from the food pyramid should you use sparingly?
- Fats, oils, and sweets.