Psychology Chapters 1 and 6
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- PSYCHOLOGY
- the science of behavior, what we do, and mental perception
- NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
- study behavior in natural environments
- SURVEYS
- questionnaires or interviews designed to test opinion
- CASE STUDY
- in-depth study of one person or a small group
- EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
- allows you to test a cause-effect relationship, how one variable changes another
- WHO FOUNDED PSYCHOLOGY AND WHEN?
- William Lundt, in the late 1800's
- WHAT ARE THE FOUR BASIC STEPS TO THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
-
1. develop a hypothesis
2. design a study and collect data
3. analyze data and draw conclusions using statistics
4. report your findings - HYPOTHESIS
- spcific question or prediction to be tested, describes the relationship between 2 or more variables
- VARIABLE
- anything that can change from one situation to another or differ from person to person
- DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
- allows you to describe and observe behavior
- INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
- what you put in -> cause
- DEPENDENT VARIABLE
- what you get out -> effect
- EXPERIMENTAL GROUP/CONDITION
- group exposed to the independent variable
- CONTROL GROUP/CONDITION
- group not exposed to the independent variable
- PLACEBO CONTROL GROUP
- a type of control group where subjects are exposed to a fake independent variable
- EXPECTANCY EFFECTS
- changes that occur because subjects expect them to occur (placebo effects)
- DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
- subtle cues by the researcher that influence outcome. Cues signal the expected response
- DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY
- a study in which the subject and the experior do not know which group the subject is assigned to
- CORRELATION
- how strongly 2 variables are related to one another
- POSITIVE CORRELATION
- varioables vary together - both go up or down
- NEGATIVE CORRELATION
- variables move in opposite directions
- MEMORY
-
involves three mentalk processes:
1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval - ENCODING
- transform information into a form that can be entered and retained
- STORAGE
- retain information for later use
- RETRIEVAL
- recover the stored info into conscious awareness
- WHAT ARE THE 3 STAGES OF MEMORY?
-
1. sensory memory
2. short-term memory
3. long-term memory - SENSORY MEMORY
- large capacity: registers environmental info so the world appears continuous - holds up to 3 seconds - info that you pay attention to may be moved into the next stage
- SHORT-TERM MEMORY
-
working memory) limited capacity
-holds new info from sensory memory and retrieves moved info from long-term memory "workbench"
-holds up to 20 seconds
-info that is actively being processed may be encoded for storage in LTM, the rest is displaced by new info and decays
-can hold info longer if it is repeated over and over - MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
- when info is repeated over and over to remember it better
- CHUNKING
- when information is grouped in sets in order to memorize it