Sociology "A Down to Earth Approach" Ch. 2
Terms
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- What is Cultural Diffusion?
- The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another.
- What is culture shock?
- The disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumpytions about life.
- What is New Technology?
- The emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life.
- What are values?
- The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable; good or bad, beautiful or ugly.
- What is Pluralistic Society?
- A society made up of many different groups
- What are Norms?
- The expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of values
- What are the core values?
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1. Achievement & Success
2. Individualism
3. Activity & work
4. Efficiency & Practicality
5. Science & Technology
6. Progress
7. Material Comfort
8. Humanitarianism
9. Freedom
10. Democracy
11. Equality
12. Racisim & group superiorty
13. Education
14. Religiosity
15. Romantic Love - What are sanctions?
- Expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating Norms
- What is the difference between real and ideal culture?
- Ideal Culture are the values, norms and goals that a group considers ideal; Real Culture are the norms and values that people actually follow
- What are negative sanctions?
- An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal prision sentence or an execution.
- What is a value contradiction?
- Values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other.
- What is Positive Sanctions?
- A reward given for following Norms, ranging from a smile to a prize.
- What is cultural lag?
- William Ogburn's term for a situation in which Nonmaterial Culture lags behind changes in Material Culture.
- What are Folkways?
- Norms that are not strictly enforced.
- What is technology?
- In it's narrow sense, tools; It's broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
- What are Mores?
- Norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values
- What are cultural Universals?
- A value, Norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group.
- What is ethnocentrism?
- The use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms and behaviors.
- What is Cultural Leveling?
- The process by which cultures become simular to one another, and especially by which Western Industrial Culture is imported and diffused into industrializing nations.
- What are the componets of symbolic culture?
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1. Symbol- something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with others.
2. Gestures- The way in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another.
3. Language - A system of symbols that can be combined in a infinate number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought. - What is a value cluster?
- A seriers of interrelated values that together form a larger whole.
- What is cultural relativisim?
- Not judging a culture, but trying to understand it on its own terms.
- What is the difference between Sub and Counter Cultures?
- A subculture is a group whose values and related behaviors distinguish it's members from a general culture. A counterculture holds values that stand in opposition to those of the dominate culture.
- What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
- Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creats ways of thinking and perceiving.
- What is Culture?
- The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next.
- What are the types of culture?
- Material culture and Nonmaterial culture, Ideal culture and real culture