History of Modern Science
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Thomas Savery
- English 1699 heat-driven suction pump
- Thomas Newcomen
- English 1712 piston moving in cylinder; more efficient and versatile
- James Watt
- Scottish 1736-1819 improved efficiency of piston cylinder; led to wider industrial use of steam power
- Sadi Carnot
- French 1796-1832 \'Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat\'; need of hot and cold; Carnot cycle
- James Joule
- English 1818-1889 paddlewheel experiment 1847; measured conversion of work into heat in a set ratio, heat seen as a form of energy, First Law of Thermodynamics: energy can neither be created or destroyed
- Rudolf Clausius
- German 1850s left alone, heat flows from warm to cold creating entropy
- William Thomson
- Scottish 1850s left alone, heat flows from warm to cold creating entropy Second Law of Thermodynamics: world is running toward inevitable \'heat death\'
- James Clerk Maxwell
- Scottish 1860s applied stats concepts borrowed from social sciences. Temperature is an average of huge number of particles. light as waves 1861
- Maxwell\'s Demon
- 1867 hot and cold \"could\" be sorted out instead of averaged out theoretically. second law is statistical, not absolute.
- Michael Faraday
- English 1831 electromagnetic induction: moving magnet near coil generates an electrical current
- Heinrich Hertz
- German 1888 produced electromagnetic waves experimentally
- dynamo
- 1860s/1870s feeding elec current into electromagnets for practical use
- Thomas Edison
- 1879 carbon filament incandescent bulb
- Pearl Street station
- 1882 NYC power station with DC current
- battle of the currents
- DC fades over distance, AC much more practical and efficient
- H.A. Lorentz
- Dutch 1890s developed electron theory
- J.J. Thomson
- English 1897-99 proved electron theory with experiments at Cavendish Lab
- Wilhelm Rontgen
- German 1895 discovered X-Rays
- x-ray crystallography
- use of x-ray imaging to study structure of molecules
- Marie Sklodowska Curie
- Polish/French 1898 isolated radioactive trace elements (radium)
- radium
- glows and continuously pours out heat; seems to violate Conservation of Energy
- Ernest Rutherford
- New Zealand/England 1902 energy conserved, elements not; radioactive elements release energy and decay into lighter elements. Atoms storehouses of energy.