American History 1: Early Colonizations to 1877
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- The arrival of the first Native Americans in North America coincided with
- the beginning of the last ice age.
- Indians are descended from
- Asians
- Paleo-Indians spread over the North American continent
- in small kinship groups
- Among the Archaic Indians, men had primary responsibility for
- Hunting, fishing, tool making, and war
- The Anasazi culture of the Southwest declined because of
- drought
- Native American peoples practiced
- both war and diplomacy
- Cahokia was
- a populous mound city
- The Pueblo Indians lived
- in the Southwest
- In the period before 1492, most Europeans were
- peasant farmers
- The nation that led in Atlantic exploration in the fifteenth century was
- Portugal
- The Renaissance furthered
- the rise of learning
- The rise of the middle classes in Europe in the period before the Age of Discovery went hand in hand with
- the expansion of the cities
- The Spanish empire in America was NOT based on
- the idealism of the conquistadores
- In their explorations the conquistadores sought
- wealth
- What was responsible for the drastic decline of the Indian population after contact with the Europeans?
- Disease
- The Columbian exchange provided what for the Europeans?
- Corn
- The Treaty of Tordesillas
- divided ownership of the Americas between the Portuguese and the Spanish
- The Reformation in Europe
- was led by the Protestants
- The Puritans wished to reform the Church of England by
- purifying the church of Roman Catholic rituals
- Samuel de Champlain
- established the French colony of Canada
- Raleigh's purposes in founding the Roanoke colony did NOT include
- extermination of the Indians
- Joint stock companies in England aided the colonization effort by
- raising funds
- The prosperity of the Chesapeake colonies resulted from
- the cultivation of tobacco
- Plymouth was settled by the
- Pilgrims
- In coming to America, the Pilgrims sought
- religious freedom for themselves
- The concept of a "city on a hill" referred to the Puritans' desire to
- be a model of Christianity
- Harvard College was founded to train
- ministers
- New England local government was based on
- towns
- The first colony to practice some form of religious toleration was
- Rhode Island
- During the seventeenth century, the greatest extremes of inequality were found in
- the West Indies
- The most visible environmental effect of English land use in the American colonies was
- deforestation
- After 1660, the English
- established new colonies
- Which of the following was NOT one of the middle colonies? New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, or Delaware
- Maryland
- The Glorious Revolution in England resulted in the most violence in which American colony?
- New York
- The colony of South Carolina grew wealthy by cultivating
- rice
- What was NOT one of the causes of the Salem witchcraft panic
- belief in science
- The most important administrative agency set up by William and Mary to run the colonies was
- the Board of Trade
- What group had the LEAST to do with the day-to-day administration of local government in the colonies?
- The colonial courts
- Colonial legislatures and royal governors contested
- Control of revenue, introduction of legislation, choice of the speaker of the assembly, and land grants
- The colony that had a black majority in the eighteenth century was
- South Carolina
- What was NOT one of the major causes of the increase in colonial population?
- Intermarriage with the Indians
- Women and men in the colonies
- generally worked separate from one another
- Colonial cities in the eighteenth century
- increased in population
- What group of colonists did not live in ethnic enclaves?
- The English
- Benjamin Franklin
- believed in improvement of living conditions
- In the Great Awakening,
- some congregations split into two opposing camps
- The French and Indian War
- gained the British control of Canada
- The Albany Plan of Union
- was intended to enable the colonies to work together during the French and Indian War
- The reason why the British defeated the French in the French and Indian War was that
- the French could not resupply themselves, the British controlled the seas, the Indians decided on neutrality, and the colonist and the British cooperated.
- George Grenville's plan to "reform" the colonies would have
- forced the colonies to obey the Navigation Acts
- Because of the Proclamation of 1763,
- some Americans began to see a conspiracy in Britain against American liberty
- In the stamp tax controversy, Patrick Henry
- persuaded the Virginia legislature to adopt resolutions of protest
- Samuel Adams was an important Whig leader because
- he had written treaties on government that opposed tyranny
- The committees of correspondence
- allowed the Whigs in Massachusetts to communicate with leaders in other colonies
- The so-called Coercive Acts of 1774
- shut the port of Boston
- In 1774, the protesting Americans blamed the social crisis on
- corruption in England
- The Loyalists represented approximately what percent of the population?
- 20 percent
-
Which of the following people would most likely be a revolutionary in 1776?
A royal governor, A Roman Catholic Canadian, A Quaker, A Huron Indian, A Massachusetts merchant - A Massachusetts merchant
-
During the war, Americans were victorious at all of the following battles except:
Trenton, Princeton, Saratoga, Long Island, Yorktown - Long Island
-
All of the following states either ended slavery or arranged for its gradual dissoultion between 1776 and 1804 except:
New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Hampshire - Maryland
- A shortage of trained soldiers was NOT a difficulty the British faced prosecuting the war. True or False
- True
- Revolutionary society was marked by
- little improvement of women's condition
- All the new state governments incorporated the basic principle of
- republicanism
- In the Federal Constitution of 1787,
- a system of "dual sovereignty" was erected
-
By the 1780's, the agriculture of the South was producing significant quantities of all but:
Corn, Wheat, Cotton, Hogs, Tobacco - Cotton
- President George Washington's leadership style is best described as
- deference to Congress on domestic issues and strong leadership on foreign policy
- The leading domestic policymaker in Washington's administration was
- Alexander Hamilton
-
Hamilton's plan for improving the financial status of the new nation included all EXCEPT:
A national bank, excise taxes, funding the national debt, expansion to the west, assumption of state debts - expansion to the west
- The first rebellion against the federal government occurred in
- the Whiskey Rebellion
- The person least likely to be a follower of the Republican Party in 1796 would have been
- a New England minister
- Thomas Jefferson believed that the most vigilant and virtuous citizens were
- educated yeomen farmers
- What constitutional principle was established in Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
- The Supreme Court could review federal statues for their constitutionality
- British "impressment" involved
- seizure of sailors from American ships
- Which region of the country strenuously opposed the Embargo Act of 1808?
- New England
-
The United States declared war on Britain in 1812 for all the following reasons EXCEPT:
a. the desire to seize Canada
b. the desire to gain trade rights in the West Indies
c. Britain's violation of America's rights as a neutral nation.
- the desire to help France win the war in Europe
- One reason why New England became the country's first industrial region was because
- it had a surplus of cheap labor
- A major difference between the New England "putting out" or cottage textile industry and the corportate textile factories of Waltham and Lowell was NOT
- the demand for high moral standards among the workers
- Between 1840 and 1860, railroads in America
- spread all over the eastern U.S.
- Among the preconditions of the spread of elite culture in middle period America, one should NOT include
- the invention of the camera
- In the antebellum period, middle-class women joined
- Charitable organizations, literary clubs, the temperance movement, and evangelical churches
- According to the doctrine of "separate spheres,"
- middle class women and men agreed to a "separate but equal doctrine."
- What was a reason for the decline in birthrate among antebellum white women?
- Abstinence and contraception
- The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments called for
- civil rights for women
- Reformism in the middle period of American history
- often revolved around the personality of a powerful or charismatic leader
- Abolitionists were
- opposed to slavery
- One of the consequences of abolitionist agitation was
- a fortress-like mentality in the South
- The members of the Oneida Community
- renounced private property
- The section of the country most opposed to tariffs in the 1820's and 1830's was
- the Southeast
- The reason for Andrew Jackson's popularity was
- his reputation as a general, his success as a planter, his personal appearance, his views on Indians
- The theory that a state may override a fedal law is called
- nullification
- Removing officials from the other party and replacing them with those from your own party in the Jacksonian period was called
- the spoils system
- In the nullification crisis,
- John C. Calhoun developed the doctrine of a compact theory of union
- In the 1840's and 1850's, the most numerous immigrant group was
- the Irish
- Slavery in the antebellum South
- allowed some slaves to advance to skilled positions in the economy
- The law of slavery in the antebellum South had its origin in
- the law of Barbados
- Slavery as an economic system owned its continuing strength to
- the cost of labor, the demand of cotton, the sale of slaves, the ability of slaves to work in skilled crafts
- Most slaves responded to their condition with
- the attempt to establish families and control their time and space
- All women in the South
- suffered legal and economic disabilities
- The basic difference between the South and the North in the antebellum period was that
- slavery flourished in the South and was barred by law in the North
- The Mexican-American War
- led to the occupation of California by American troops
- As used in middle period political discussions, "manifest destiny" meant that
- God had ordained that the United States should and would expand to cover the continent
- Northern "free soilers" were united in
- opposition to spread of slavery in the territories
-
Which of the following was part of the Compromise of 1850?
a. The admission of Utah as a state
b. The organization of the Kansas territory according to the doctrine of popular sovereignty
c. The end of slavery in the District of Columbia - A strong fugitive slave law
-
Which of the following was NOT true of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850?
a. It provided for recapture and rendition of suspected runaways without a jury trial
b. It laid open abettors of fugitive slaves to federal prosecution.
c. It ended fe - It ended federal protection of slavery
- The date 1854 was significant in the history of American sectionalism
- The Kansas-Nebraska Act was proposed
- The term "popular sovereignty" referred to
- allowing residents of a territory the right to choose or reject slavery
- Personal liberty laws in the North in the 1850's
- hampered enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
- The U.S. diplomats at Ostend called for the annexation of
- Cuba
-
The new Republican Party of the 1850's drew support from all EXCEPT:
a. Northern Democrats
b. Know-Nothings
c. Norther Whigs
d. Free Soilers
e. Southern Democrats - Southern Democrats
- The main issue on which all Republicans agreed was
- free soil
- The "self-inflicted wound" in the 1850's was
- the Dred Scott decision
- The political party that emerged the strongest from the collapse of the second party system was
- the Republican Party
- John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry
- aroused Southern fire-eaters
- The basic reason the Civil War occurred was because
- leaders in the North and South were unable to deal with the issue of the expansion of slavery
- After they won the election of 1860 and the Deep South had begun to secede from the Union, the Republicans rejected compromise because they
- believed that moderate Southerners would eventually gain control of the situation
- The Election of 1860 was a last straw for the South because
- no one in the South could be sure of what Lincoln or the Republicans would do
- The Upper South seceded when Lincoln
- called for 75,000 militiamen to put down the rebellion
- The Union and Confederate armies were largely composed of
- volunteers
- The most effective way that the North and South found to finance the war was to
- print money
- The Union was more politically unified than the Confederacy because
- the Republicans put aside their differences to support the war effort
- The Civil War was the first modern war because
- it relied upon new technologies
- The "anaconda" was
- the blockade of the Confederacy by the U.S. Navy
- During much of the war, the eastern theater of battle was marked by
- stalemate
- During the Civil War, slaves
- ran to Union lines when they could
- The Emancipation Proclamation
- freed slaves in areas in rebellion
- At the Battle of Gettysburg,
- the Union army defeated the Confederate army
- The most difficult objective for Union armed forces proved to be
- the taking of Richmond
- After 1863, Lincoln refused to exchange prisoners of war with the Confederacy unless it
- included black troops
- Northern morale dipped sharply after
- Grant's Virginia Campaign in the spring of 1864
- The Thirteenth Amendment
- made slavery unconstitutional
- The most difficult question the Union faced during Reconstruction was
- the treatment of ex-slaves in the South
- The "10 percent plan"
- would have quickly restored the Union
- Andrew Johnson
- was a Southern Democrat
- The black codes enacted by Southern states under presidential reconstruction
- denied freedmen basic rights
- The moderate and radical wings of the Republican Party reunited when President Johnson vetoed
- the extension of the Freedman's Bureau
- The Reconstruction Act of 1867
- divided the South into military districts
- Radical Republicans favored
- legal equality for blacks
- The Fifteenth Amendment
- said that no one could be denied the right to vote on the basis of race or color
- Biracial government during Reconstruction meant that
- blacks were able for the first time to engage in self-government in the South
- Most "carpetbaggers" came south to
- engage in business
- The "New South" referred to the idea that
- businessmen would dominate Southern life
- For the ex-slaves, freedom first meant
- the ability to search for and reunite with family members
- The most important spokesmen for the free black communities in the South were
- ministers
- The Ku Klux Klan was
- a terrorist organization
- In sharecropping,
- sharecroppers borrowed seed and paid with a portion of their crops
- President Grant proved himself
- a poor judge of character
- The Credit Mobilier was
- a corrupt scheme in which government officials took payoffs for giving out construction contracts
- "Redemption" referred to
- white Southerners regaining control of state government
-
Rutherford B. Hayes's backers promised all BUT the following to the Democrats after the 1876 election:
a. reduction of federal military role in the South.
b. internal improvements for the South.
c. appointment of Southerners to federal pos - higher taxes in the North
- The beginnings of "Jim Crow" in the South meant that
- public facilities would be segregated by race