Gilded Age
Industrialization, Urbanization, Populism, Progressivism
(Ch 25-32)
(Ch 25-32)
Terms
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- Winslow Homer
- most famous & greatest painter
- Phineas T. Barnum & James A. Bailey
- "Greatest Show on Earth" (1881) ;; Wild West shows
- William Kelly
- discovered Bessemer process
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act
- forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without distinction of "good" or "bad" trusts
- "nativism"
- "native" Americans blamed new immigrations for degradation of urban gov't ;; trade unionists hated them for working for low wages & bringing in dangerous doctrines
- Anthony Comstock
- war on the "immoral"
- railroad advancements
- steel rail, Westinghouse air brake, Pullman Palace cars, telegraphs, double-racking, block signals
- Farmer's Alliance (late 1870s)
- sought to overthrow chains from banks & railroads that bound them ;; aimed at land owners, ignoring tenant farmers & excluded blacks ;; agreed on nationalization of railroads, abolitioins of national banks, graduated income tax, federal sub-treasury
- Edward Bellamy
- Looking Backward (1888)
- Haymarket Square
- May 4, 1886 ;; Chicago police vs. KofL ;; bomb ;; 8 anarchists sentenced
- Women's Christian Temperance Union
- Frances E. Willard & Carrie A. Nation
- Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
- dissolved legal entities of all tribes, but if Indians were "good", they could get full US citizenship in 25 yrs. and full title to holdings
- Lillian Ward
- Henry Street Settlement in NY (1893)
- Hull House
- founded by Jane Addams ;; taught skills & knowledge, child care, social reforms, women activism
- Russell Conwell
- "Acres of Diamonds" sermons
- railroads' good impacts
- stitched nation together, huge market, jobs, industrialization of America --> mining & agriculture in West, 4 time-zones, helped ppl settle in West, maker of millionaires & millionaire class
- Henry James
- Dasiy Miller, Portrait of a Lady
- Greenback Labor Party
- attracted farmers ;; elected 14 Congress members ;; ran General James B. Weaver
- Frank Norris
- The Octopus
- pools (trusts)
- joining of companies and sharing profits
- Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
- banned rebates and pools ;; required railroads to openly publish rates and forbade discrimmination against shippers, banned charging more for short haul than long one, set up INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION
- American Federation of Labor (1866)
- Samuel Gompers ;; better wages, hours, working condtions ;; skilled & unskilled laboreres
- Mary Cassatt
- portraits of women and children
- Booker T. Washington
- ex-slave who headed industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama ;; avoided social equality (Blacks helping themselves first), George Washington Carver was student
- American Protective Association
- against new immigrants & tried to stop them
- "yellow journalism"
- wild & fantastic stories about sex & scandal
- Mary Baker Eddy
- Church of Christ ;; Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875)
- William James
- Principles of Psychology (1890), The Will to Believe (1897), Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), Pragmatism (1907)
- Mark Twain
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer/Huckleberry Finn, The Gilded Age, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
- "birds of passage"
- immigrants who stay in U.S. for short time and return with money to Europe
- vertical integration
- controlled all aspects of industry (used by Carnegie)
- 1st Transcontinental Line
- Union Pacific Railroad & Central Pacific Railroad -- completed near Ogden, Utah (1869)
- Battle of Wounded Knee
- "Ghost Dance" stamped out by federal troops & marks end of Indian Wars
- Morrill Act (1862) & Hatch Act (1887)
- grant of public lands to state / federal funds for establishments of agricultural experiment stations
- General Lewis Wallace
- Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ
- Louis Sullivan
- architect of skyscrapers
- Henry George
- Progress and Poverty (graduated income tax)
- Helen Hunt Jackson
- A Century of Dishonor
- Carrie Chapman Catt
- led women activists ;; General Federation of Women's Clubs
- Jay Gould
- embezzled stocks
- Chautauqua Movement (1874)
- public lectures --> education
- Stephen Crane
- Maggie: Girl of the Street, The Red Badge of Courage
- Kate Chopin
- The Awakening
- inventions
- cash register, stock ticker, typewriter, refrigerator car, electric railway, telephone, light bulb
- National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange) 1867
- founded by Oliver H. Kelley ;; improve lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, fraternal activities
- Edwin L. Godkin
- New York Nation (1865)
- Thomas Eakins
- realist painter
- Victoria Woodhull & Tennessee Chaflin
- Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly
- Walt Whitman
- Leaves of Grass
- dime novels
- stories about Wild West and other romantic settings
- Theodore Dreiser
- Sister Carrie
- National American Suffrage Association (1890)
- led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony
- Ida Wells
- formed National Association of Colored Women
- Knights of Labor (1869)
- barred liquor dealer, gamblers, lawyers, bankers, stockbrokers ;; economic & social reform ;; led by Terence V. Powderly
- Samuel Glidden
- inventer of barbed wire
- "Long Drive"
- Texas cowboys herded cattle to railroad terminals -- feeder of slaughterhouses
- John D. Rockefeller
- OIL ;; organized Standard Oil Co.
- George Inness
- leading landscapist
- "stock watering"
- over-inflate worth of stocks & sell at huge profits
- Jack London
- The Call of the Wild, The Iron Heel
- W.E.B. Du Bois
- founded National Assoication for Advancement of Colored People in 1910
- National Labor Union (1866)
- lasted 6 yrs ;; excluded Chinese, blacks, women ;; arbitration of industrial disputes & 8-hr workday
- Homestead Act of 1862
- allowed as much as 160 acres of land ...in return, live on land for 5 yrs, improve it, pay nominal fee of $30 [or get land after 6 months for $1.25/acre]
- horizontal integration
- allied w/ competitors to monopolize given market (used by Rockefeller)
- Dwight Lyman Moody
- Moody Bible Institute (1889) founded in Chicago
- Frederick Jackson Turner
- "The Significance of the Frontier in American History": American needed a frontier [inspired by "closing of frontier"]
- methods used to prevent unionization
- hiring strikebreakers, ask courts to order to cease strikes, bring in troops, "lockouts", "ironclad oaths", "yellow dog contracts", blacklists
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman
- Women and Economics
- interlocking directorates
- placed own men on boards of directors of rival competitors (used by Morgan)
- Florence Kelley
- fought for protection of women workers & against child labor
- Gospel of Wealth
- some ppl destined to be rich and is moral responsiblity to help society w/ money
- Augustus Saint-Gaudens
- made Robert Gould Savo memorial
- "safety valve theory"
- unemployed go West and become farmers
- Associated Press (1840s)
- helped to offset some bad journalism