French Revolution and Napoleon
Almost all notes concerning the test tomorrow, ironically created too late.
Terms
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- • Great Fear
- Summer of 1789. Was a spontaneous event that nobody could've foreseen. Peasants attacked the countryside; it was an all out attack on the nobility and the Clergy.
- • Abbe Sieyes
- Original Revolutionary; wrote What is the Third Estate?
- • Hundred Days
- Napoleon escaped and ruled.
- • Napoleon—Revolutionary vs. Anti
- Revolution,
- • Emigres
- Nobles who fled during the Great Fear.
- • Coup d'etat
- Encouraged by Abbe Sieyes, Napoleon ended the Directory ushering in the Fourth Phase of the revolution, the dictatorship.
- • First French Republic
- Established by the National Convention.
- • White Terror
- The most controversial part of the Directory. The "royalists" attacked all of the suspected revolutionaries.
- • National Convention
- Purpose was to write a new constitution. First Act declared the French Republic and all men were equal. The second Act was the execution of the king (January 21, 1793)
- • Map—Napoleonic Europe
- France controls continent.
- • Law of General Maximum
- Put price ceilings on goods.
- • Egypt
- His goal was to cut Britain in half. He found the Rosetta stone but was defeated by their navy.
- • Scorched - Earth
- War of attrition; burned land so enemy won't get it.
- • Civil Constitution of Clergy
- Made all Catholic Clergy agents of the State. Forced the revolutionaries to choose between G,d and revolution. It was an all out attack on the Church.
- • Spanish Nationalism
- Spanish War of Independence
- • Concordat
- 1801; religious toleration.
- • March of the Fishwives
- Also called the women's march on Versailles. Troops were brought in and the demagogs played on the emotions of the women so they captured the king and brought him to Paris. The National Assembly followed.
- Great Awakening
- The event that made the colonists socially different from the British.
- • Romanticism
- Reaction against Enlightened promises.
- • Revolutionary Calendar
- Three week months and ten day weeks.
- • Grand Army
- The army Napoleon took to fight the Russians (60,000 men).
- • St. Helena
- Where Napoleon was exiled until the end of his life. 1815,1821 Revolution comes to an inglorious end.
- • Duke of Wellington
- Greatest British General; lands in Portugal with large army and fights on the defense of Portugal.
- • Battle of Leipzig
- Also known as the battle of Nations; Sixth coalition organized against the French and forced Napoleon to abdicate and move to Elba.
- • Active vs. Passive Citizenship
- active were the ones who pay the tax and hold office and passive were the ones with legal equality. Goes against the terms in Declaration of Rights of Man.
- • Conscription
- Every able bodied man was drafted into army.
- • Edict of Fraternity (1702)
- Take revolution to suppressed people everywhere. Promised "liberty."
- Peasants and Artisans
- freedom to eat
- • "Liberty
- Equality, Fraternity", Slogan for the Revolution.
- • Haiti and L'Ouverture
- Ex slave who led revolution.
- • Jacobins
- Intellectuals that meet in Jacobin clubs.
- • Republic of Virtue
- Revolution is the new religion.
- • 19th Century Nationalism and Liberalism
- Results of the Revolution
- • Louis XVI
- Killed by the second act of the National Convention on January 21, 1793.
- • Girondists
- In control during the first part; wanted to stabilize with the death of the king. (Moderates)
- • Flight of Varennes
- June 21, 1791. Louis XVI negotiated with Leopold, so they fled because they were going to invade. They were arrested and taken to Paris. The National Assembly said that they were "kidnapped."
- • Vendee
- Counter,revolution led by conservative forces (nobles, clergy, and the peasantry).
- • Different views of "Liberty"
- Nobles and clergy, freedom from absolutism.
- • Declaration of Pillnitz
- Austria and Prussia. If anything happened to the King and Queen they would invade.
- • Bourgeoisie
- Took control and played on the emotions of the third estate (demagogs).
- • Code Napoleon
- Legalized the end of the old regime. (He would hope to expand this everywhere he conquered, hence he wanted "fraternity")
- • Turgot
- A physiocrat who wanted economic reform by removing feudal dues and streamlining government expenses. He was questioned by the nobility and was fired after 18 months.
- • Mountain
- Radicals encouraged by the San,Coullets.
- • Thermidorian Reaction
- Robespierre was arrested and executed.
- • Assignats
- Paper currency based on land.
- • Calonne
- Was about tomorrow; called the Assembly of Notables; first and second estates didn't support him; told the king in July 1788 that the nobles said no, so they needed to recall the estates,general.
- • Constitution of the YearIII
- (1795) During the third phase (modern burn out phase). Directory is established. Moderate to conservative constitution.
- • National Assembly
- Third Estate declared itself one on June 17, 1789 and they no longer participated in the Estates,General.
- • Universal Manhood Suffrage
- The last act of the Legislative Assembly was to call for the election of the National Convention using Universal Manhood Suffrage, this was forced on them by Radicals in Paris.
- • Cult of Personality
- Robespierre developed a group of followers and became the revolution and therefore and idol.
- Bourgeoisie
- inclusion in political power
- Women
- freedom from traditional oppression
- • Constitution of 1791
- Proclaimed in September as a constitutional monarchy. The king owned 1/3 of the government. It was a product of the Rational Revolution with an overall goal that was to give liberty to the right people. It was controlled by the liberal Bourgeoisie.
- • Sans-culottes
- Men without britches; Parisian shopkeepers. Marat was the leader. Seemed to contradict the essence of the revolution.
- • July 14
- 1789, Revolution officially began with the storming of the Bastille.
- • Olympe de Gouges
- First woman feminist.
- • Committee of Public Safety
- Executive branch of the French Revolution.
- • Russian winter
- Defeated Napoleon.
- • Constitution of Year VIII
- Created the consulate; was "enlightened" with separation of powers and was a republic, but really it was a dictatorship.
- • Paris Commune
- The radical city government that seized control of Paris by cutting off the head of the mayor; holds the revolution hostage and uses the guillotines to force the government to make radical decisions.
- • Tribunals
- Accused, tried, and convicted in 12 hours.
- • Voting by Order vs. by Head
- In the traditional Estates General there were three votes (three orders), but by head the third estate would've had two votes and therefore and equal say. May 5, 1789, the estates general met and Louis XVI said they would vote by order.
- • Declaration of the Rights of Man
- All men were equal before the law.
- • Modern Revolutionary Model
- Four phases.
- • Revolution of Lawyers
- First phase of the revolution/moderate phase
- • Trafalgar
- Franco,Spanish fleet was destroyed; Horatio Nelson was killed.
- • Alexander I
- Russian Tsar who signed the Treaty of Tilsit because he couldn't handle war anymore, but broke it after the defeat in the Peninsular War.
- • Instability of the Directory
- There were five dictators which meant that the government couldn't make decisions.
- • Peninsular Campaign
- Portugal was the first country to move against the Continental System which led to the Peninsular War.
- • Religion of the Supreme Being
- Established by Robespierre in hopes of adding to the religious aspects of the Revolution.
- • Tennis Court Oath
- King locked the meeting hall doors. On June 20, 1789 the National Assembly pledged to meet until a new constitution is made.
- • Levee en Masse
- When government seizes all control of resources in preparation to war.
- • Italy and Nationalism
- Italy was no longer under the Austrian Hapsburgs.
- • Austerlitz
- (War of Three Emperors) Crushed 3rd Coalition.
- • Waterloo
- (1815) Napoleon's final battle.
- • Marat
- Danton, Robespiere, Leaders of the Mountain.
- Triangular Trade
- The Economic development in New England that allowed the 13 Colonies to develop economic independence from England.
- • Notre Dame and Coronation
- Napoleon crowns himself.
- • Departments
- French provinces that were more "naturally organized"
- • First Coalition
- Formed the Committee of Public Safety; war of put pressure on France and was a war against the Revolution.
- • Treaty of Tilsit
- Russia agreed to stop all trade with Britain.
- • Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
- Occurred because of his successes in Italy and Paris.
- • Directory
- New government that was under control making it a conservative period.
- • Continental System
- Embargo against all British goods; attempt to destroy British economy.
- • Dechrisitanization
- Made it against the law to be Christian.
- • Necker
- Replaced Turgot, but increased Royal Debt.
- • Louisiana Purchase
- 1803; was forced to sell it because of the looming war against Britain.