Chapter 24 - WWI
Terms
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- Historians refer to the decades before 1914 as a period of
- "international anarchy"
- In -, - describes an event in England that temporarily brought the European nations together and marked the transition between the old and the new.
- The Guns of Autumn; Barbara Tuchman
- - kings rode in the funeral of Edward VI (in the bit from The Guns of Autumn)
- 9
- As rivalries intensified in the earli 1900s, the great powers plunged toward war, pressed forward by 4 factors:
- nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the system of alliances
- Germany and France had rivaled over territory in
- Morocco
- This is the glorification of armed strength.
- Militarism
- This means to organize resources for combat or for protection.
- mobilize
- Bismarck formed the - in 1879, a mutual defense pact between Germany and Austria-Hungary.
- Dual Alliance
- He later set up the -, a secret agreement among -, -, and -.
- Three Emperors' League; Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary
- - was a pact among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. - requested it originally.
- Triple Alliance; Italy
- A - crisis, sparked by - nationalism in - (a - province in the - region) resulted in the dussolution of the Three Emperors' League.
- Balkan; Bulgarian; Eastern Rumelia; Turkish; Balkan
- The - of 1887 provided neutrality in case either Russia or Germany became involved in a defensive war.
- Reinsurance Treaty
- - dissolved Bismarck of his duties.
- William II
- Germany entered the race for colonies with full force, demanding its "-."
- "place in the sun"
- - is a friendly understanding or agreement between nations.
- entente
- - and the - reached an entente over Morocco and Egypt.
- Great Britain; France
- The British Navy launched the - that featured heavy armor plating and batteries of big guns. (caption p.641)
- dreadnought
- -, -, and - signed the Triple Entente.
- Great Britain, France, and Russia
- The alliance system divided Europe into - armed camps.
- 2
- The Balkan region was known as the "- of Europe."
- powder keg
- Nationalists in - wanted the provinces of - and - because their country was landlocked and the two regions would provide an outlet on the - Sea.
- Serbia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Adriatic
- The Congress of Berlin made the two territories protectorates of -.
- Austria-Hungary
- - was the nationalist movement that pressed for the political and cultural unity of all Slavs under Russian leadership.
- Pan-Slavism
- - was the main route to India for -.
- Suez Canal; Britain
- Germany uplanned to build a railroad from - through the Balkans to - and on to -, near the Persian Gulf.
- Berlin; Constantinople, Baghdad
- The railroad would diminish -'s chances of securing its access to the Mediterranean through the -.
- Russia; Dardanelles
- - and his wife were killed in -, the capital of -. The assassin was named -, and he belonged to the secret society of Serbian nationalists opposed to Austro-Hungarian rule.
- Archduke Francis Ferdinand; Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Gavrilo Princip, Black Hand
- Encouraged by the so-called -, the Austro-Hungarians presented an - to the Serbian government, which puts forth the terms offered for a settlement.
- blank check; ultimatum
- The ultimatum made 5 demands:
- (1) The Serbian government would condemn all propaganda against Austria-Hungary and suppress publications and societies that opposed Austria-Hungary. (2) Serbia would ban from its schools books and teachers who did not favor Austria-Hungary. (3) Serbia would dismiss any officials who had promoted propaganda against Austria-Hungary. (4) Austro-Hungarian judges would conduct the trial of those accused of the crime at Sarajevo. (5) Serbia had to accept all these terms within 48 hours or Austria-Hungary would declare war.
- Serbia agreed to all but - of the terms. They were - (numbers).
- 2; 4 and 5
- The dispute over the ultimatum took, place at -.
- The Hague
- Germany demand that Russia stop mobilization within - hours. They didn't, and Germany declared war.
- 12
- Germany declared war on - two days later.
- France
- - was guaranteed -, shortly after it had been rewarded independence.
- Belguim; neutrality
- These are warring nations.
- belligerents
- The - counted on the German army to knock France out of war before the Russians could advance from the -.
- German General Staff
- Great Britain would not fight over "-."
- "a scrap of paper"
- "-" - the kaiser's message
- "You will be home before the leaves have fallen off from the trees."
- Within - weeks of Francis Ferdinand's assassination, - had entered the war on the side of Great Britain and France.
- six; Japan
- All the nations of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente except - were at war.
- Italy
- Turkish control of Constantinople and the Dardanelles bottled up Russia's - fleet.
- Black Sea