AP Chemistry Solutions
Terms
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- Molality
- m = moles of solutes/ kilograms of solvent
- mole fraction
- X = moles of substance/ total moles in solution
- Van't Hoff Factor
- i= how many ions one unit of a substance will dissociate into in a solution
- Boiling point elevation
-
delta T = i(Kb)m
Kb= boiling point elevation constant
m= molality - Freezing point depression
-
delta T = i(Kf)m
Kf= freezing point depression constant
m= molality - Raoult's law (vapor pressure lowering)
-
P = XP^o
P= vapor pressure of soln
P^o = vapor pressure of pure solvent
X = mole fraction of pure solvent - Osmotic Pressure eqn
-
lambda = (nRT/V)i = MRTi
R= .08201 Latm/molK
M= molarity= n/V - Density
- m/V
- Solubility rule: Alkali Metals
-
Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+
are all soluble - Solubility rule: All ammonium salts, NH4+
- are soluble
- Solubility rule: Alkaline Earths and Transition metals
- depends on identity of atom
- Solubility rule: Nitrate, NO3-
- soluble
- Solubility rule:Acetate, C2H3O2-
- soluble
- Solubility rule: Cl-, Br-, I-
- soluble except Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+2
- Solubility rule: Sulfate, (SO4)2-
- soluble, Except Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+2, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
- Solubility rule: Hydroxide, OH-
- insoluble, except w/ alkali metals, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+
- Solubility rule: Carbonate, (CO3)2-
- insoluble except w/ alkali metals and ammonium
- Solubility rule: Phosphate, (PO4)3-
- Insoluble except w/ alkali metals and ammonium
- Solubility rule:Sulfite, (SO3)2-
- insoluble except w/ alkali metals and ammonium
- Solubility rule: Sulfide, S2-
- insoluble except w/ alkali metals, alkaline earths, ammonium.
- At lower temp, gas will be....soluble
- more
- At higher pressure, gas will be....soluble
- more