Social Movements Final

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Countermovements: -networks that share same objects of concern as social movements they oppose
-competing claims, compete for attention, support
-to demobilize opposing mvt.
Importance of opposing movements: -lawmakes must now take into account positions of two different movements
Curvilinear Relationship (Opposition Movement): -Movements without influence won't provoke OM
-Movements with limited success will provoke OM (opportunity to make gains)
-Movements that clearly win unlikely to provoke OM
Conditions for Opposition Movement Emergence: -Movement success: curvilinear
-Threats to existing interests and values
-Elite allies and sponsors
Hyde Amendment: No Medicaid funding for abortions
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services: -limitation on abortion services
-ex. no use of public facilities for abortion counseling
Pro-Life Network: -"Thick" Network
-established networks/resources of Catholic church (leaders, facilities, pool of activists)
-organizaitonal diversity
-density of numbers, grass roots support
Pro-Choice Movement: -"Thin" Network
-mainly multi-issue (ACLU, Planned Parenthood, NOW)
-"modern techonologies of mobilization"-mail, door-to-door canvassing, internet
-no more homogeneity
-constant mining for members
Recruitment to Activism: -Moral Shocks
-Frame Alignment
-Frames
Moral shocks: -info/events that raise outrage in people--> become involved in political action
-motivate people to seek out political organization
-symbols used
Frame Alignment: -Linkage of individual and SMO interpretive orientations
-Individual interests/values/beliefs tied to SMO activities, goals, ideology
Frames: -Formulas that assign meanings to events/issues by selecting out and organizing elements into packaged story lines
Diagnostic Framing: Convinces potential converts that a problem needs to be addressed
Prognostic Framing: Convinces of appropriate strategies, tactics and targets
Motivational Framing: Exhorts people to get involved
Frame Bridging: Linking individuals to organizations--organizational outreach
Frame Amplification: Evoke/amplify deeply cherished values
Central American Peace Movement Interpretive Frames: -Another Vietnam
-Botching-diplomacy
-Way-ward America
-Imperial America
Attitudinal/Ideological Affinity: Motive to get involved in the individual
Latitude of Rejection: Pool of people who won't even touch movement
Latitude of Acceptance: Pool of people who would agree that issues are important, accept goals of movement
Microstructural: Beyond differences in personal attributes-->socially patterned situational factors that condition beliefs, actions (social networks, institutional involvement, occupational roles, etc.)
Types of recruitment into activism: Interpersonal Ties
Organizational Memberships
Interpersonal ties: Strong ties that serve as an invitation to participate and ease the uncertainty of involvement--friends, family in movement
Cost: expenditures of time, money, energy
Risk: anticipated dangers
Biographical Availability: Absence of personal constraints that may increase costs of participation, e.g. full-time employment, family responsibilities, etc.
Cognitive Accessibility: Organizational and relational positioning that provides exposure to information about events that violate moral sensibilities
--activisits have more in depth, credible information (not just from media)--access to different mediums-->more subject to being exposed to informatino that deeply violates moral standing
Subjective Engageability: Cultural and social positioning so that moral violations are likely to become high priorities in personal relevance-structures
--ie. giving a human face to a crisis
Gay lesbian movement beginnings: Starts from scratch
--must create institutions, constituency of like-minded people
-reliance on national organizations to bring visibility to issue--ACLU, NOW, etc.
Political Logics: Background sets of assumptions about how society works, the goals of political action, and the appropriate strategies to pursue desired ends
Master Frames: Cultural backdrop, taken-for-granted theories from which collective action frames are derived
Framing of Gay/Lesbian Movement: -spin-off of broader civil rights movement
"Gay is Good": -Change from viewing homosexuality as sickness, etc.
-helps build self-esteem, encourage professionals to speak on behalf of gays, lesbians
-not to challenge public view, but rather to convince the public that gays/lesbians are solid citizens
GLBT Organizations: -No explicit identification as "homosexual"
-group names sound like average group names
Gay Power: -Black is Beautiful model
-Redirect energies of movement from Causes of homsexuality to Focus on discrimination
-Goals: acceptance, civil rights, equal treatment (military, marriage, anti-discrimination policy)
Gay Liberation ("Redistributive Logic"): -No more logic focusing on individual rights-->more revolutionary
-Goals: Societal transformation through expanding the gay world, visiblity, pride
-Alliances with other oppressed groups
Conflict in GLBT Movement: -Focus on making sure there is no difference between heterosexuals and homosexuals
VS
-Minority model-boundary between two
Gay plus one: -Positive emphasis on sexuality combined with specific tasks, functions
-Brings people into organization based on what organization does rather than who it is
Institutionalization: -Process by which given set of units (e.g., organizations)and a pattern of activities come to be normatively and cognitively held in place, and practically taken for granted as lawful
Public Order Management Systems (POMS): Guiding policies and programs, technologies, and standard policing practices designated by authorities for supervising protesters' access to public space and managing them in that space
"Negotiated management" POMS: -Primary Goals: Protection of 1st amendment rights; limit disruption
-Communication with demonstrators
-Selective use of arrests as last resort
-Minimal use of force
Key Elements of POMS: -Public statement of general principles of public forum access
-Mandated negotiation and regular communications between affected parties
-Planning by authorities, police (preparation for protest)
-Crowd management/policing
-Repression
"Channeling": -form of repression
-regulation without force
-Tangle of incentives: encourage organizations to become more formal-->sucked into more conventional activities
Tangle of Incentives: Encourage organizations to become more formal-->sucked into more conventional activities
Threat approach: The larger the threat to political elites, the greater and more severe expected repression
Weakness approach: Power houses will only repress movements that they think will collapse under pressure
Weakness from within: movements with strong infrastructure less likely to be repressed

weak groups lack organizational vehicle-->will collapse more easily
Weakness from without: Groups that are visible, in public eye are less likely to be repressed
Interactive approach: Severe repression more likely when movement or protest event is highly threatening and primarily composed of socially marginalized participants
--white college students from north can get away with same rebbelious activity; act as buffer
Transnational Social Movements: Socially mobilized groups with constituents in at least two states, engaged in sustained contentious interaction with power-holders in at least one state other than their own, or against an international institution, or a multinational economic actor
Reasons for transnational movements: -growing interdependencies: econ, environment
-tech. facilitates communication between nations
Transnational SMOs: Formal organizations that target international institutions and attempt to affect international policies in order to influence state behavior--memberships not contained within single state
Roles of TSMOs: -Provide resources for global activism: opportunities for activisim through internships, volunteer, staff opportunities
Measures of Social Movement success: -Shifts in public opinion-->elected officials
-Increase in awareness
-Continued involvement/mobilization of protesters
-political alliances
-legal decisions
-spin-off movements
Dimensions of Success (Gamson): -Acceptance of challenging group as a valid spokesman for a legitimate set of interests-->opens up policy process for groups that weren't previously consulted
-New Advantages: gained by challenging group
Movement Society Hypothesis (Meyer and Tarrow): -Social protest has become a regular feature of modern life
-Protest used within greater frequency, by more diverse groups, and to represent wider range of claims
-Changes that have promoted institutionalization of social movements representative of trends that led to social movements
Effects of international mass media on natl. govts.: Media allows news to spread across countries-->natl. govts. lose some degre of control over natl. life
Cooptation: Willing trade off with respect to what movements are willing to do so that they don't risk their entry into political debates/discussions

*A component of institutionalization
Components of Instiutionalization: -routinization of collective action (adherence to common script)
-inclusion and marginalization
-cooptation
Political Outcomes of SMs: -policy change
-process change
Cultural outcomes of SM: -chanes in social norms, behaviors
-shifts in belief systems
Discursive Impact: Type of cultural outcome: changes way in which issue understood-->redefinition of political agenda
Organizational outcomes SM: -creation of durable infrastructure for activism-->collective ID formation

(ex. women's party outcome of suffrage-->use infrastructure)
Smart Mobbing: Summoning the masses electronically

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