bio vocab 2 2
Terms
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- includes tarsiers, prosimians (lemurs and lorises), and anthropoids (monkeys, apes, and humans)
- primates
- all extinct human-like species and modern humans
- hominids
- upright walking - which frees hands for novel tasks
- bipedalism
- the sum of all behavioral patterns of a social group, passed on through generations by way of learning and symbolic behavior
- culture
- members of the genus Homo
- humans
- a donor cell's sex pilus latches onto a recipient cell and then retracts, pulling it close
- prokaryotic conjugation
- a small, self-replicating circle of DNA with just a few genes
- plasmid
- infectious, disease-causing agents that invade target species and multiply in or on them
- pathogens
- like the first eukaryotic cells - they have a nucleus, but most are single-celled organisms (parasites, decomposers, etc.)
- protists
- heterotrophic protists that live as single cells, and move using one or more flagella
- flagellated protozoans
- among microbes, it is a protective covering that forms from cell secretions. Cells can survive outside the host body, inside these
- cyst
- these get nutrients from nonliving organic material. Most fungi are these.
- saprobes
- some fungi live in a mutually beneficial partnership with a photosynthetic organism that supplies the fungus with nutrients. This relationship is called...
- mutualism
- the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of branched filaments
- mycelium
- the filament in a mycelium
- hypha
- a noncellular infectious agent with 2 characteristics: a protein coat wrapped around genetic material, and a few enzymes. It cannot reproduce itself, instead, the host cell is tricked into making copies of it
- virus
- viruses that infect bacteria
- bacteriophages
- the removal of all trees from large tracks of land
- deforestation
- a haploid gamete-making body
- gameotophyte
- after 2 gametes fuse at fertilazation and become diploid zygote forms, it grows and develops into this...
- sporophyte
- produced by a sporophyte, it is a resting structure that withstands unfavorable environmental conditions, as well as giving rise to new gameophytes
- spore
- in embryos, cell divisions give rise to these 3 primary tissues...
- ectoderm, endoderm, and in most cases, mesoderm
- animals that have a backbone
- vertebrates
- backboneless animals (account for most species)
- invertebrates
- tiny, soft-bodied species shaped like disks, fronds, and blobs that were living on or in seafloor sediments by 610 million years ago
- Ediarcarans
- when body parts are arrayed around a central point
- radial symmetry
- body parts that mirror eachother
- bilateral symmetry
- a concentration of nerve and sensory cells in the anterior end of the body. Most bilateral groups have this
- cephalization
- bilateral animals that have 4 unique features that appear in embryos and often persist into adulthood
- chordate
- a group of organisms that have a chamber of cartilage or bone that encloses the brain. This includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
- craniates
- the hinged, bony feeding structure in some organisms
- jaws
- segments of the internal skeleton that are made of bone or cartilage
- vertebrae
- appendages that help propel, stabalize, and guide the fish body through water
- fins
- respiratory organs with moist, thin folds and adjacent blood vessels
- gills
- internally moistened sacs for gas exchange
- lungs
- model that explains for different patterns (rapid then gradual) of speciation
- puntuation model of speciation
- a burst of divergences from a single lineage. It gives rise to many new species
- adaptive radiation
- A set of different niches that become filled typically with by a related group of species. Adaptive radiation requires these
- adaptive zones
- A way for a species to enter an adaptive zone: a chance modification in some body structure or function gives it the opportunity to exploit the new environment more efficiently
- key innovation
- an irrevable loss of a species
- extinction
- catastrophic losses of entire families or other groups
- mass extinction
- plant stems together with leaves. Above ground.
- shoots
- plant structures that grow downward and outward through soil
- roots
- localized regions of actively dividing cells that give rise to plant tissues
- meristems
- a kind of meristem that is in shoot and root tips, where all plant parts begin lengthening
- apical meristem
- a kind of meristem that increases the thickness of stems and roots
- lateral meristems
- a kind of plant tissue that makes up the most of the soft, new primary growth of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.
- parenchyma
- a kind of plant tissue that forms patches or rings in many lengthening stems and leaf stalks
- collenchyma
- a kind of plant tissue that gains strength to resist compression from fungal attacks
- sclerenchyma
- a vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved mineral ions, and it structurally supports the plant
- xylem
- a vascular tissue that conducts sugars and other organic solutes
- phloem
- a dermal tissue that is typically a single layer of cells that secrete waxes and cutin onto their wall
- epidermis
- a dermal tissue that is a covering that helps the plant conserve water and deflect attacks by some pathogens. This is formed from empidermal cell secretions
- cuticle
- a small gap that forms across the epidermis when guard cells swell and move apart
- stoma
- leaflike structures that store or absorb food for plant embryos
- cotyledons
- multistranded cords that thread lengthwise through all ground tissue systems inside the stem
- vascular bundles
- a sugar factory that has many photosynthetic cells. Comes in many different shapes and sizes
- leaf
- vascular bundles in leaves
- veins
- a shoot's main zone of primary growth. It is a undeveloped shoot of meristem tissue
- bud
- these plants conserve water by opening their stomata at night. The next day, when their stomata closes, they use carbon dioxide in PS. An example is cacti
- CAM plants
- organic compounds rapidly flow through these tubes. They are located in phloem.
- sieve tubes
- these cells load organic compounds into neighboring sieve tubes
- companion cells
- the process that moves sucrose and all other dissolved compounds through the phloem of a vascular plant. High pressure drives this process
- translocation
- this theory says that organic compounds flow from a source to a sink because internal pressure builds up at the source end of the sieve tube system and pushes the solute-rich solution on toward any sink where solutes are being removed
- pressure flow theory
- molecules that capture light energy. They are the bridges from sunlight to PS. Each kind can absorb only specific wavelengths of light, and the rest are transmitted thru the molecule or reflected by it
- pigment
- the first stage of reaction in PS, when sunlight is converted to chemical bond energy of ATP
- light-dependent reactions
- the 2nd stage of reaction in PS, when glucose is made
- light-independent reactions
- the organelles of PS in all plants and certain protists
- chloroplasts
- the semifluid interior of the chloroplast that is enclosed by 2 outer membranes
- stroma
- this forms a compartment inside the stroma. It folds back on itself into what often looks like stacks of pancakes. The light-dependent reactions occur in this
- thylakoid membrane
- arrays of hundreds of pigments and other molecules that are "reaction centers." Chloroplasts have 2 types.
- photosystems
- a type of active transport protein
- ATP synthases
- a pathway that runs inside the stroma of chloroplasts. Sugars are formed in this
- Calvin-Benson cycle
- this enzyme contributes to the starting of the Calvin-Benson cycle
- rubisco
- the process of securing carbon from the environment by incorporating it into a stable organic compound
- carbon fixation
- plants who's photosynthetic cells are exposed to too much O2 and too little CO2, making it hard to produce sugar
- C3 plants
- these plants fix carbon twice, and can make more sugar on dry days
- C4 plants
- the breaking down of carbohydrates in pathways that do not use O2 to make ATP
- fermentation
- a breakdown pathway that uses O2 to extract energy very efficiently from glucose and other carbs
- aerobic respiration
- the reaction where enzymes rearrange a 6-carbon glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic molecules. Few ATP are formed.
- glycolysis
- an organic compound with a 3-carbon backbone
- pyruvate
- in this reaction enzymes break down pyruvate to CO2 and H2O. Few ATP are formed.
- Krebs cycle
- in this reaction O2 inside the mitochondrion accepts electrons and H2 at the end of the chains, forming H2O. Produces a lot of ATP
- electron transfer phosphorylation
- the 1st energy-releasing step of glycolsis, when 4 ATP are formed
- substrate-level phosphorylation
- the behavior is performed without having first been learned by actual experience in the environment
- instinctive behavior
- a program of coordinated muscle activity that will run to completion independently of feedback from the environment. This occurs after an organism recognizes a certain sign stimuli (one or two simple, well-defined environmental cues)
- fixed action pattern
- when organisms process info about experiences and use it to change or vary responses to stimuli
- learned behavior
- a form of learning triggered by exposure to a simple stimulus during a sensitive period, usually early in life
- imprinting
- intraspecific interactions that involve mixes of instinctive and learned behaviors by which individuals send and respond to cues. These have unambiguous meaning for a species
- communication signals
- a simple society formed (not consciously) by reproductive self-interest
- selfish herd
- genes associated with altruism can be favored by selection if they lead to behavior that will increase the number of offspring by an altruit's closest relatives
- inclusive fitness
- these are released from axon endings of neurons and act swiftly on target cells by diffusing across a tiny space between them
- neurotransmitters
- these molecules modify the conditions in nearby tissues
- local signaling molecules
- relays signals from outside the cell to target molecules inside the cell
- second messenger
- specialized reproductive shoots of a diploid sporophyte
- flowers
- a plant body that grows by mitotic division of a fertilized egg, leads to the formation of male and female gametophytes
- sporophyte
- male reproductive parts of a flower. They usually consist of an anther on top of a thin stalk of filament
- stamen
- the top part of a stamen that has 2-6 pairs of pollen sacs
- anther
- a flower's female reproductive parts. The upper portion of this is the stigma
- carpel
- the carpel's lower, swollen portion
- ovary
- structures in a which a haploid, egg-producing female gametophyte forms. Inside the ovary
- ovules
- air currents, animals, or any other agent that transfers pollen grains from male to female reproductive parts of flowering plants
- pollenators
- leads to the production of male gametophytes
- microspores
- leads to the production of female gametophyte
- megaspores
- triploid nutritive tissue in the seeds of flowering plants
- endosperm
- when one pollen grain lands on a receptive stigma, which leads to germination
- pollination
- seed leaves
- cotyledons
- the embryo, its food reserves, and the seed coat that now constitutes the mature ovule in this self-contained package
- seed