AP psychology
Terms
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- when is research valid?
- when it measures what the researcher wanted to measure
- when is research reliable?
- when it can be replicated
- after you name the variables in a hypothesis, you must _____ them
- operationalize
- if clarence scored a 72 on a test with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 8, his z score would be what?
- -1
- John Watson
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behaviorism
Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist
only external stimuli - B.F. Skinner
- included reinforcement--environmental stimuli that encourage or discourage responses
- Max Wertheimer
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Gestalt psychology
(total experience) - Maslow
- humanist
- dendrites
- roots, stretch out from the cell body
- cell body
- nucleus and other parts of the cell
- axon
- end in terminal buttons that extend from cell body
- myelin sheath
- fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses
- terminal buttons
- at the end of the axon, contain neurotransmitters
- neurotransmitters
- fit like a key in a lock
- synapse
- the space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next
- in a resting state, a neuron has an overall slightly ____ charge
- negative
- action potential
- the electric message firing... neuron A releases neurotransmitters to the synapse, and fit into neuron B's receptor sites...if enough are received, the cell membrane becomes permeable and positive ions can enter
- acetylcholine
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function: motor movement
lack of ACT leads to Alzheimer's - dopamine
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function: motor movement and alertness
lack of: Parkinson's disease
overabundance: schizophrenia - endorphins
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function: pain control
addictions - serotonin
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funtion: mood control
lack of: clinical depression - afferent neurons
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aka sensory neurons
take info from the senses to the brain - interneurons
- take messages from brain/spinal cord and send them elsewhere in the brain or to efferent neurons
- efferent neurons
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info from the brain to the rest of the body
(there are a lot of categories) - peripheral nervous system
- all nerves not encased in bone
- central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
WITHIN BONE (skull and vertebrae) - somatic nervous system
- voluntary muscle movements
- autonomic nervous system
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automatic functions of our body
fight/flight - sympathetic nervous system
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in autonomic n.s.
mobilizes our body to respond to stress
carries messages to the control systems of the organs - parasympathetic nervous system
- slowing down our body after a stress response
- EEG
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electroencephalogram
detects brain waves
used in sleep research - CAT scan
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sophisticated Xray
structure of the brain
for tumors, etc. - MRI
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uses magnetic fields to measure the density and location of brain material
not exposed to radiation
only info. about structure - PET
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let's researchers see what areas of the brain are most active during certain tasks
measures how much of a chemical parts of the brain are using - fMRI
- can show details of brain structure with info. about blood flow to brain
- parts of hindbrain
- medulla, pons, cerebellum
- medulla
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control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing
above the spinal cord - pons
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connects hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain
controls facial expression - cerebullem
- fine muscle movements
- parts of midbrain
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integrates sensory info. and muscle movements
reticular formation--netlike collection of cells that controls body arousal and ability to focus attention - parts of forebrain
- thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus
- thalamus
- receives sensory signals coming up spinal cord and sending them to areas of the forebrain
- hypothalamus
- metabolic fxns--ex: body temperature, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst, endocrine system
- amygdala/hippocampus
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amygdala-near the end of each hippocampal arm
memories are processed and sent to other locations in the cerebral cortex - left hemisphere
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sensory messages and controls motor fuction of the right half
logic and sequential tasts - right hemisphere
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sensory messages and controls the motor funtion of the left 1/2 of body
spatial and creative tasks - frontal lobes
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abstract thought and emotional control
left hemisphere: language - parietal lobes
- sensory cortex, receives incoming touch sensations
- occipital lobes
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furthest from eyes
interprets messages from our eyes - temporal lobes
- processes sounds
- turner's syndrome
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only 1 x-chromosome
shortness, webbed necks - klinefelter's syndrome
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xxy
minimal sexual development
extreme introversion - down's syndrome
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extra chromosome on 21st pair
rounded face, short fingers and toes, mental retardation - phonemes
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smallest units of sound
english has 44 - morpheme
- smallest unit of meaningful sound
- algorithm
- a rule that guarantees the right solution by usign a formula or other foolproof method
- heuristic
- a rule of thumb that's generally true that we can use to make a judgement in a situation
- yerkes-dodson law
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must perform best with the optimum level of arousal
we can perform best on an easy task with a high level of arousal, but the same high level would prevent us from performing well on a difficult task - maslow's hierarchy of needs
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physiological needs
safety needs
belongingness and love needs
esteem needs
self-actualization - garcia effect
- our perception of certain foods
- James Lange theory
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peripheralist
we feel emotion because of the biological changes caused by stress - Cannon-Bard theory
- biological change and the cognitive awareness of the emotional state occur simultaneously
- two-factor theory
- physical responses and our cognitive labels combine to cause a particular emotional response
- alarm reaction
- heart rate increases, blood rushes to part of body that's going crazy
- resistance
- body is always physiologically ready
- exhaustion
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parasympathetic n.s. returns our body to normal
more vulnerable to disease in this stage - authoritarian parenting
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strict standards for behavior and apply punshements
obedient attitudes are valued more than discussions about the rationale behind the standards - Permissive parents
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no clear guidelines
rules arent consistently enforced - authoritative parents
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set, consistent standards, but the standards are reasonable and explained
rationale for rules are discussed - superegp
- conscience
- ego
- it's all about me
- id
- pleasure principle
- central traits
- traits most important in describing that individual
- sheldon's somatotype theory
- 3 body types-endomorphs (fat), mesopmorphs (muscular), ectomorphs (thin)
- reciprocal determinism
- things reinforce each other
- Carl Rogers' self theory
- unconditional positive regard
- MMPI
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minnesoty multiphasic personality inventory
most widely used self-report instrument - projective tests
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interpret ambiguous stimuli
ex: inkblot test, TAT (pics on cards) - charles spearmen
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intelligence can be expressed by a single factor (g)
used factor analysis - LL thurstone and JP guilford
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thurstone-intelligence is comprised of 7 main abilities
guilford-100 different mental abilities - gardner
- multiple inelligences
- daniel goleman
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emotional intelligence
crresponds to Gardner's interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence - Robert Sternberg
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triarchic theory
1. componential/analytic intelligence--school learning
2. experiential intelligence-ability to use knowledge in new and creative ways
3. street smarts - Stanford-BInet
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IQ TEST
mental/chronological age x 100 - flynn effect
- performance on intel. test has been increasing steadily throughout the past century