Anatomy Chapter 14
Terms
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- Peripheral nervous system
- the nervous system structures that reside outside the brain and spinal cord.
- How many cranial nerves are there? What are there names?
-
12;
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharangeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal - What is the Mnemonic to memeorize the Cranial Nerves.
- Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly
- what is the mnemonic for the Cranial Nerves' functions?
-
S= Sensory M= motor B= both
Some
Say
Mary
Money
BUT
My
Brother
Says
BIG
Brains
Mean
More -
Cranial Nerve I
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Olfactory
Sensory
Smelling
Olfactory foramina -
Cranial Nerve II
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Optic Nerves
Sensory
Vision
Optic foramina -
Cranial Nerve III
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Occulomotor nerves
Motor
Controls all eye movements with the exception of two of the eyes' muscles.
Superior orbital fissure - What two eye muscles does the Occulomotor cranial nerve not control?
- Superior oblique and lateral rectus.
-
Cranial Nerve IV
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Trochlear
Motor
Motor impulses (and also innervates the superior oblique eye muscles)
superior orbital fissure -
Cranial Nerve V
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Trigeminal
Both (Sensorimotor)
Sensory- Mouth, tongue, face
Motor- chewing
Allows us to chew and sense feedback from face, mouth and tongue. DOES NOT SENSE TASTE!
Superior orbital fissure, foramen rotondum, foramen ovale - The trigeminal cranial nerve is the...
- THICKEST of all the cranial nerves (does not sense TASTE!)
-
Cranial Nerve VI
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Abducens nerve
Motor
Controls lateral rectus which alloes eyes to ABduct.
Superior orbital fissure -
Cranial Nerve VII
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Facial Nerves
Sensorimotor
Sensory- Taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Motor- facial expressions
Taste and facial expression
Stylomastoid foramen - As previously mentioned the facial cranial nerve allows us to sense tastes from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Thus what TASTES can we sense?
- SWEET AND SALTY
-
Cranial Nerve VIII
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
balance and hearing
Internal Acousic meatus -
Cranial Nerve IX
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Glossopharangeal nerve
Sensorimotor
Sensory- proprioception and posterior 1/3 taste buds
Motor- swallowing (not chewing)
Jugular foramen - The glossopharangeal is a cranial nerve that is made up of
- 3 nerves in one.
- the glossopharangeal cranial nerve allows us to sense what TASTES?
- Sour and bitter.
-
Cranial Nerve X
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Vagus nerves
Sensorimotor
Sensory- Taste buds (again posterior 1/3) and visceral proprioception
Motor- swallowing, speech and visceral movement
Jugular foramen -
Cranial Nerve XI
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Accessesory nerves
Motor
Controls neck muscles
Jugular foramen -
Cranial Nerve XII
Name:
Category:
Primary Function:
Hole to the brain: -
Hypoglossal nerve
Motor
Controls tongue movement
Hypoglossal canal - The vagus nerve is also the...
- longest of the cranial nerves.
- The peripheral nervous system contains cranial nerves as well as _____.
- Spinal nerves
- How many spinal nerves are there? how are they broken into classes?
-
31
8 - Cervical
12- Thoracic
5 - lumbar
5 - sacral
1- coccygeal - why are there 8 cervical nerves and only 7 cervical vertebrae?
- the first cervical spine lays superior to the C1 vertebrae while the last cervical nerve exits inferior to the C7 vertebrae.
- Below the cervical region what is the pattern of spinal nerve and vertebrae?
- Beneath the cervical spine the spinal nerve exits just inferior to its paired vertebrae.
- Spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord via 2 routes what are they and what does each route carry?
-
Ventral and dorsal roots
Ventral- motor (after brain)
Dorsal- sensory (before brain) - Are ALL spinal nerves are sensory or motor?
- None, All are both. sensorimotor.
- The dorsal root contains _____________ fibers arising from cell bodies in the ______________, whereas the ventral root contains _________ fibers coming from the ________________________.
-
sensory;
dorsal root ganglion;
motor
anterior gray column of the spinal cord. - ⬢ Dorsal and ventral roots come together to make a spinal nerve when the roots later split off they form⬦
- Dorsal and ventral rami
-
Dorsal and ventral rami
-What kind of nerve is each (sensory, motor, both)
-Where does each go
- what information does each recieve? -
Mixed nerve (sensorimotor)
Dorsal- toward posterior
Ventral- toward anterior
Dorsal- recieves sensory info from the skin over the spine on a person's BACK
Ventral- recieves sensory info from skin on the anterior and lateral parts of the body - The ventral ramus also combine and innervate...
- the limbs.
- A network of nerves named according to innervated structures or locations...
- nerve PLEXUS
- Nerve plexus occur in all spinal regions with the exception of what region?
-
THORACIC
The branching and joining DOES occur in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral. - What is the main purpose of nerve plexi?
- to innervate the limbs.
-
Plexuses are formed by ____________.
Why do fibers from different rami crisscross? -
Ventral rami.
So that each branch of the plexus is innervated by different nerves and so that each rami travels in different routes. TO PROTECT AGAINST DAMAGE TO LIMB FXN! - The cervical plexus is formed by the VENTRAL RAMI of ________ cervical nerves.
- C1-C5
-
The cervical plexus innervates _________ mostly.
The most important nerve from this plexus is the ________ nerve which innervates the _____________. -
cutaneously (The skin of the neck and back of the head)
Phrenic nerve; diaphragm - Why is damage to the cervical plexus and specifically the phrenic nerve so dangerous?
- Because damage can cause the failure of the diaphragm and therefore respiratory arrest.
- What occurs as a result of abrupt signals from the phrenic nerve on the diaphragm?
- Hiccups
- the brachial plexus is made up of ventral rami exiting the spinal cord between...
- C5 and T1
- the brachial plexus gives rise to nearly all nerves that innervate
- the upper limb
- What are the major nerves of the brachial plexus?
-
Axilary
Radial
Musculocutaneous
Ulnar
Median -
Axilary nerve of the brachial plexus.
- branch of the ______ cord
- muscles innervated
- cutaneous innervations -
poserior
Deltoid and teres minor
shoulder -
Radial nerve of the brachial plexus.
- branch of the ______ cord
- muscles innervated
- cutaneous innervations -
Posterior
All extensors (on the posterior arm)
Hand and RADIAL side of arm -
Musculocutaneous nerve of the brachial plexus.
- branch of the ______ cord
- muscles innervated
- cutaneous innervations -
Lateral
Arm flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis)
Lateral forearm - What is saturday night paralysis? More importantly what nerve is being blocked?
- Saturday night paralysis/crutch paralysis- no movement after your arm is rested and the RADIAL NERVE is being blocked
-
Ulnar nerve of the brachial plexus.
- branch of the ______ cord
- muscles innervated
- cutaneous innervations -
Medial cord
Wrist and hand flexors of the medial side
Medial side (ulnar side) -
Median nerve of the brachial plexus.
- branch of the ______ cord
- muscles innervated
- cutaneous innervations -
Medial and lateral
the rest of the wrist and hand flexors in the forearm
anterior forearm but not ulnar side (where the ulnar nerve recieves sensory info) -
The lumbar plexus of the PNS
- recieves signal from what spinal nerves?
- innervates what general body area? -
L1 - L4
lower abdomen and anterior/medial leg - what two major nerves make up the lumbar plexus?
- Femoral and Obturator
-
Femoral nerve of the lumbar plexus.
- muscles innervated
- cutaneous innervations -
Motor- quadricep muscles
Sensory- anterior and medial thigh and leg -
Obturator nerve of the lumbar plexus.
- muscles innervated
- cutaneous innervations -
Motor- innervates the adductors of the INNER thigh
Sensory- inner/medial thigh - The sacral plexus is innervated by what spinal nerves?
- L4 - S4
- What general structures does the sacral plexus innervate?
- lower back, pelvis and posterior leg and foot.
- What is the largest branched nerve from the sacral plexus?
- The sciatic nerve (THE THICKEST AND LONGEST NERVE IN THE BODY)
- The sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus is further branched into what two major branches?
- Tibial and peroneal
-
Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (of the sacral plexus)
-innervates what muscles (motor)
-innervates what skin (sensory) -
Motor- Flexors of the leg and thigh (Hamstrings and calfs)
Sensory- posterior part of leg, and the plantar surface of the foot. -
peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve (of the sacral plexus)
-innervates what muscles (motor)
-innervates what skin (sensory) -
Motor- the anterior and lateral portion of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot
Sensory- anterior and lateral portion of the leg and dorsal suface of the foot -
-Topographical map of a human
-Tells us what sensory nerve receives input for where.
-50% overlap in the torso spinal nerves - DERMATOMES