Plants (Ch. 29/30)
Terms
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- Photosynthetic eukaryote that uses chlorophyll a/b; develop from embryos protected by tissues of the parent plant; stores carbohydrates; haploid/diploid generations; MONOPHYLETIC
- Plants (Plantae)
- Possess well-developed vascular systems; conspicuous green structures of ferns and seed plants are the sporophytes
- Tracheophytes
- Lack leaves, stems, roots; Sporophyte is always dependent on gametophyte (permanently attached); gametophyte is eye-visible (photosynthetic structure)
- Nontracheophytes
- Zygote through adult, multicellular diploid plant
- Sporophyte generation
- From spore through the adult, multicellular haploid plant to the gamete
- Gametophyte generation
- Closest living relatives of plants?
- Charophytes (green algal group)
- ___resemble plants in terms of rRNA and DNA sequences, perioxome contents, mechanics of mitosis and cytokinesis and chloroplast structure
- (stoneworts of genus) Chara
- sister group of charophytes that have features found in plants such as plasmodesmata and a tendency to protect young sporophyte
- (genus) Coleochaeta
- no water transport tissues; water moves by capillary action (NONTRACHEOPHYTES)
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Liverworts (Hepatophyta)
Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) - some water conducting tissue, not true tracheids (NONTRACHEOPHYTES)
- Mosses (Bryophyta)
- conducts products of photosynthesis from where produced to where needed or stored
- Phloem
- conducts water and minerals from soil to aerial parts, some cell walls are stiffened with lignin; also provides support
- Xylem
- Nontracheophytes live?
- on soil or other plants, wetlands, freshwater, NO MARINE,
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characterisitics:
gametophyte flat; produce antheridia/archegonia; rhizoids on lower surface; elators (for spore dissemination); gemmae cups (asexual reproduction) - Hepatphyta (Liverworts)
- cells contain a single plate-like chloroplast, sporophytes come closest to being capable of indefinite growth (basal cell division); have stomata (O2/CO2 exch.)
- Anthocerophta (Hornworts)
- form thick mats; contain cell type called hydroid (dies and leaves a chanel for water travel); lacks lignin; sporophytes grow by apical cell division; protonema
- Bryophyta (Mosses)
- principal water conducting element of the xylem
- Tracheid
- the first tracheophytes that are now extinct...
- Rhinophyta
- haploid and diploid generations are independent at maturity; MUST have moist environment for at least one stage in life as fertilization accomplished by motile, flagellated sperm
- NONSEED Tracheophyte
- simple leaves, spirally arranged, apical stem growth; Sporangi contained within conelike structures called strobili (in upper angle between leaf and stem)
- Lycophyta (Club Mosses)
- silicon deposits in walls make them useful for cleaning; have true roots that branch irreguarly; large independent sporophyte and small independent gametophyte
- Horsetails (Ph: Pteridophyta)
- rootless, spore bearing plants with only minute scales as leaves; flattened photosynthetic organs with well developed vascular tissue, gametophytes live below the surface of the ground; lack chlorophyll-depend on fungal partners for nutrition
- Whisk Ferns (Ph:Pteridophyta)
- have roots, stems, leaves with branching vascular strands; require water for transport of male gametes to the female gametes
- True FERNS (Ph: Pteridophyta)