Biology ch. 13 and 14 vocab and questions
Terms
undefined, object
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- population
- consists of all the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time
- natural selection
- process by which populations change in response to their environment
- adaptation
- changing of a species that results in its being better suited to its environment
- What provides endless sources of new variations?
- recombination and mutations of alleles
- isolation
- condition in which 2 populations of the same species can't breed with one another (ex. 2 squirrel populations in the Grand Canyon pg. 281)
- extinct
- disappear permanently
- What have fossils provide record of? (3)
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1.) Earth is about 4.5 billion years old
2.) Organisms have inhabited Earth for most of its history
3.) All organisms living today evolved from earlier, simpler life-forms - Why are the chances of an organism to be made into fossils be slim?
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1.) may decay before buried in sediment
2.) may be eaten by animals & scattered
3.) some bodies decay faster than others - paleontologists
- scientists who study fossils, can determine age of fossils using radiometric dating
- If evolution has taken place, then species that descended from a common ancestor in the distant past should have ____ _____ _____ sequence differences between their proteins than do species that share a common ancestor more recently.
- more amino acid
- Nucleotide changes cause changes in __________________________, which scientists can use to approximate the number of these changes
- the amino acid sequence of a protein
- vestigial structures
- means "footprint" structure reduced in size and function; considered to be evidence of an organism's evolutionary past (they may also have no or use/ less important function than they do in other, related organisms)
- All vertebrates share ______________.
- a common ancestor
- homologous structure
- structures that share a common ancestry
- punctuated equilibrium
- periods of rapid change in species are separated by periods of little or no change
- industrial melanism
- the darkening of populations of organisms over time in response to industrial pollution (best known case: European peppered moth, an example of natural selection)
- The process of natural selection depends on what 5 main elements?
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1.) all species have genetic variation
2.) environments present challenges to an individual's ability to reproduce
3.) organisms tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support (species often compete)
4.) those better able to cope with challenges of their environment tend to leave more offspring
5.) traits best suited to environment tend to increase in a population over time - divergence
- accumulation of differences between groups, leads to the formation of new species
- speciation
- process by which new species form
- reproductive isolation
- the inability of formerly interbreeding groups to mate or produce fertile offspring
- What types of barriers are responsible for reproductive isolation?
- geographically isolated, may reproduce at different times, physical differences, not attracted
- primates
- mammalian group that includes prosimians, monkeys, apes, humans
- prosimian
- a member of a group of mostly night-active primates that live in trees (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers)
- diurnal
- primates that are active during the day and sleep at night
- anthropoids
- monkeys, apes, humans
- opposable thumb
- stands out at an angle from the other fingers and can be bent inward toward them to hold an object
- What do the genes of humans & chimpanzees have in common?
- all 287 amino acids in hemoglobin are the same
- What is one difference between humans and gorillas?
- they have 2 amino acid differences in hemoglobin
- hominids
- primates that can walk upright on 2 legs
- bipedal
- meaning able to walk upright on 2 legs
- How old is the most ancient hominid yet discovered?
- 4.4 million years old found by American anthropologist Tim White
- What is the one thing humans have that no other animal is thought to have ever had?
- cultural evolution
- ecological races
- when populations of the same species that differ genetically because of adaptations to different living conditions become this (1st step to speciation)
- What are the 2 hypotheses about how HOmo sapians evolved?
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1.) independent homo erectus groups living in Africa, Europe, Asia interbred and homo sapiens arose
2.) homo sapiens appeared in one place (Africa) then migrated to Europe and Asia replacing homo erectus as they migrated - How is the theory of evolution supported? (4)
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1.) Variation exists within genes (results of random mutation)
2.) some species are better suited to survive (as a result of variation) and have more offspring (natural selection)
3.) traits that make certain individuals of a population able to survive and reproduce tend to spread in that population
4.) there is clear proof from fossils and many other sources that living species evolved from organisms that are extinct.