Wildlife Management Test 2 Other stuff
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- 3 designs/ways to evaluate habitat use
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-use/availability
-used vs. random sites
-demographic response - wildlife management
- art and science of maintaining habitat and wildlife poulations for the benefits of wildlife and humans
- Ehrlich's 3 components of environmental impact
- -population * affluence * technology
- Mahoney's five ppillars of the North American wildlife conservation model
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1. non-frivolous use
2. equal opportunity hunting for all
3. scientific management
4. international species
5. prohibitions on commerce - how many people hunt, fish etc.
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Hunt: 13 million ($20.6 billion)
Fish: 34.1 million ($35.6 billion)
Nonconsumptive: 66.1 million ($38 billion)
-plus 13.8 billion additional moeny coming from hunting and fishing ($70 billion total) - today's forests are either:
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-commercial
-reserved
-noncommercial - Western U.S. divided into three sections of forests:
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-Pacific NW and Interior
-Northern Rocky Mountains
-Southern Rocky Mountains - eastern U.S. divided into three sections of forests
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-Lake States and Northeast
-Central Mountains and Plateaus
-Southern states - Forest Reserve Act
- -1891
- Organic Act
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-established National Forest Service
-1892 - Multiple Use and Sustained Yield Act
- -1960
- Wilderness Act
- 1964
- NEPA
- 1969
- Sikes Act
- 1974
- NFMA
- 1976
- What is the primary goal of managing forestlands for wildlife?
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-keep various successional sstages in a forest
-can use fire and silviculture - two types of systems for forest management
- -uneven-aged and even-aged
- even-aged forest management
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-clearcut
-seed tree cuts
-shelterwood cuts - Models for forest management
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-silvicultural
-single-species wildlife habitat (HSI)
-multi-species wildlife habitat (GAP) - types of silvicultural forest management
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-stand-based
-invididual tree
-landscape or regional models - important to maintain diversity at four levels:
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-genetic
-species
-community and ecosystem
-landscape - key habitats of concern in U.S.
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-sagebrush-steppe
-desert
-aspen - indirect negative impacts of cattle
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-decrease plant vigor/amount of forage
-decrease plant's ability to reproduce
-change in cover type to less favorable types
-decrease kinds and qualities and amounts of preferred forage - types of effects of cattle on rangelands
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-direct negative
-indirect negative
-operational
-beneficial - things that affect relationship between wildlife and livstock
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-number of livestock
-timing/duration of grazing
-livestock distribution
-types of livestock
-specialized grazing systems - specialized grazing systems
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-continuous
-deferred
-rotational - riparian management depends on:
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-understanding of what constitutes a riparian area
-internal functions/processes
-influences on riparian ecosystems
-importance to wildlife - 4 components of a riparian system
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-stream banks
-channel
-water column
-vegetation - types of water supplementation
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-spring development
-horizontal wells
-tinajas
-sand dams
-reservoirs/ponds
-dugouts
-adits
-guzzlers - fire usually negative for what species:
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-red-backed vole
-spruce grouse
-others depending on timing, intensity of burn - TWS's position on livestock grazing
- -important land use and management tool that can be used to alter rangeland vegetation toward specific objectives
- according to TWS, livestock grazing must include:
-
-based on scientific studies and considers all resources, trends, interactions, and human values and needs
-provides for adaptive management and continued improvement of programs based on increased understanding and knowledge
-includes details for monitoring
-coordiantion among agencies and public - livestock grazing has three major effects on ecosystems:
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-alteration of species composition
-disruption of ecosystem function
-alteration of ecosystem structure - three general recommendations for managing forest riparian zones
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-logging prohibited
-construction of landings, campgrounds, roads prohibited
-control uplands to reduce sedimentation