Principles of Sociology Exam 1
Terms
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- What are theories?
- organizational framework
- Science and Scholarship aren't us believing rather...?
- they are showing and convincing
- Science is a discipline of persuading. What does this mean?
- Science is rhetoric.
- What is the purpose of Science and Scholarship?
- trying to discover things we didn't know before
- Who discovered black boxes?
- Bruno Latour
- What is causation?
- the casual influence of one factor or variable on another
- What is correlation?
- The regular relationship between two variables
- What are the 4 methods to forestall objections?
- statistical surveys, field work, existing data, and experiments
- What is a sample in a statistical survey?
- group of people who are representive of a large group that we can't study
- What is a black box?
- when statements are accepted as true and people only learn the black boxes and not the background to them
- What is the conflict theory?
- use society as a set of groups and organizaitons as fighting for the best potentials
- What is functionalism?
- emphazies agreement on certain fundamentals as basic and providing a service
- What is symbolic interaction?
- viewing society as stable set of arrangements
- What is another name for the micro order?
- Interpersonal level
- What are the 3 levels of public order?
- interpersonal level, group level, social order
- What happens at the Interpersonal level?
- dealing with people one at a time or in very small groups
- What is the group level?
- dealing with groups of people becomes complex
- What is social order?
- viewing a whole society with smaller groups in it
- What is status?
- postion in society
- What are the two types of status?
- ideal and achieved and ascribed roles, and
- What is ideal status?
- percieved and preformed roles
- What is achieved role?
- going to work or school
- What is ascribed role?
- something you can't help ; gender, race, age, occupation
- What did Goffman use to define principles of role performances?
- concepts borrowed from theatre to understand everyday life
- What is ideal role?
- may or may not fit with with what people are doing
- What is perceived role?
- is what you get
- What is the signifcance of Goffman studying principles of role performance?
- for conception of society and conception of self
- What is the conception of society?
- emotional labor
- What is conception of self?
- not embarrased because of yourself but rather a social event
- What is role distance?
- people add things to their roles to personalize them which gains independence
- What is a team?
- any group of people who are facing the public
- What is front stage?
- what people see, must have emotiional labor and be happy to audiance and customers
- What is back stage?
- What goes on behind the scenes and what people don't see
- What are the origins of culture?
- effors to deal with the problems of human varirty and answers to racial theories
- How much conflict is there between culture and individuals?
-
Freud - a lot
Mead - people are like silly putty and can be shaped easily - What is culture?
- consits of symbols and bodies of techniques
- How is culture transimitted?
- over time through generations and over space through diffusion
- To what extent are people shaped by culure?
- a lot
- HOw does culture change?
- independent of people and changes by itself
- What was Mead's central question?
- What are the orginis of self - consciousness
- What was Mead's answer to his central question?
- We must take on attitudes or others and have an organizaiton of self
- How is the origin of self defined?
- The I and the Me
- What is the I?
- active and knowing what people think
- What is the ME?
- passive part of self
- What are the differences between Mead and Freud?
-
Freud - desires of people
Mead - thinking - Who expressed social relations through language?
- Basil Bernstien
- What is socialingustics?
- the study of language
- What are the two codes that Basil Berkstein create?
- restricted and eleborated
- What is the restricted code?
- restrictions in the choice of language
- What is the eleborated code?
- emphasizes mental states and unique positions of individuals instead of their states
- What type of family is releated to restricted code and what its defintion?
- Positional family - decisions are made by rank
- What type of family is releated to eleborated code and what is its defintion?
- Person center families - childern tend to socialize their parents and reserve
- Who discoreved the elements of morality?
- Durkheim
- What is Durkheim's theory of punishment?
- punishments that are excessive are the same as no punishment, they become arbitary
- What are the two types of morality that Piaget found?
- Morality of constaint and morality of cooperation
- What is morality of constraint?
- bsaed on 1 sides respect of authority
- What is morality of cooperation?
- based on mutual respect
- What type of morality delt with retributive justice and what is it?
- Constraint - punishment
- What type of morality delt with distributive justice and what is it?
- cooperation - people when something goes wronf they see that people get their own share of punishment
- What is deviance?
- byproduct of social order
- What is labeling?
- people become labeled because of their deviance
- What are examples of deviance?
- crime and mental illness
- What is crime a form of deviance?
- once you committed a crime the title stays with you the rest of your life
- What is white collar crime?
- crime committed by people who are upper - middle class and have the knowledge and accessability to commit it