Communication Apprehension
Terms
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- Communication Apprehension
- The fear or dread of negative responses you might experience because you speak out
- Public Speaking Anxiety
- Fear or dread specifically related to speaking in public
- Process Anxiety
- Fear due to lack of confidence in knowing how to preparea speech
- Performance Anxiety
- Fear of forgetting or of presenting your speech poorly
- Communication Competence
- The ability to communicate appropriately and successfully
- Rhetoric
- The art of persuasive public speaking; a term often used negatively
- Culture
- The integrated system of learned beliefs, values, behaviors, and norms that include visible (clothing, food) and underlying (core beliefs, worldview) characteristics of a society
- Co-culture
- Subgroup of culture, characterized by mild or profound cultural differences, that coexists within the larger culture
- Rhetorical Sensitivity
- The ability to adapt to a variety of audiences and settings and to perform appropriately in diverse social situations
- Core Cultural Resources
- Beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors that provide a logical basis for a culture to define what is necessary, right, doubtful, or forbidden
- Belief
- Mental acceptance that something is true or false, valid or invalid
- Value
- Ideal by which we judge what is important and moral.
- Attitude
- Predisposition to evaluate, either positively or negatively, persons, objects, symbols, and the like
- Behavior
- Action considered appropriate or normal within a cultural group
- Oral Cultures
- Cultures with no writing and no way to record and send messages apart from face-to-face interactions
- Literate Cultures
- Cultures in which people record their ideas in words that can be sent across space and time; this leads to linear thinking and outlining of ideas
- Electronic Culture
- culture with technology that can store information on audiotapes, videotapes, CDs, and so on. Technology shrinks the globe and enables people to communicate instantly across great distances
- Nonexpressive Cultures
- Members value privacy and encourage people to keep their emotions and ideas to themselves rather than to express them publicly
- Expressive Cultures
- Members are encouraged to give their opinions, speak their minds, and let their feelings show
- Communication Style
- A culture's preferred ways of communicating given its core assumptions and norms
- Bicultural
- and applying different rules for competent behaviors in two cultures
- Transactional Model of Communication
- Represents commutucation as a process in which speakers and listeners work together to create mutual meanings
- Canons of Rhetoric
- Principles, standards, nornis, or guidelines for creating and delivering a speech
- Canon of Invention
- Invention principles for designing a speech that meets a need a specific audience has
- Canon of Disposition or Arrangement
- guidelines for organizing a speech
- Connectives
- Words and phrases that you use to tie your ideas together
- Style
- In rhetoric, style means language
- Canon of Style
- Principles for choosing effective language
- Canon of Memory
- Guidelines to help you remember your ideas
- Memorized Delivery
- Learning the speech by heart, then reciting it
- Manuscript Delivery
- Reading a speech
- Impromptu Delivery
- Speaking with little advanced preparation
- Extemporaneous Delivery
- Preparing a speech carefully in advance but choosing the exact wording during the speech itself
- Canon of Delivery
- Rules or standards for presenting your speech
- Physiological Anxiety
-
Bodily responses to a perceived threat (increased heart rate, adrenaline rush
Psychological Anxiety Mental stress about a perceived threat - Fight-or-Flight Mechanism
- Physiological mechanism your body automatically activates when threatened to enable you to fight or to flee
- Cognitive Modification
- Identifying negative thoughts and replacing them with positive ones
- Visualization
- Rehearsing by using your imagination to envision your speech from start to finish
- Ethical Dilemma
- Ethical question or problem that arises when a communicator must balance important but competing beliefs and values
- Ethics
- Making a conscious decision to communicate in ways that you, in light of your cultural ideals, consider right, fair, honest, and helpful to yourself and others
- Rightsabilities
- Phrase coined by Professor Vernon Jensen to highlight the tension that exists between our right to free speech and our responsibility for our speeches
- Resisting
- Response to diversity in which you refuse to change, defend your own positions, or attack others
- Assimilating
- Response to diversity in which you surrender some or most of your ways and adopt cultural patterns of another group
- Accommodating
- Response to diversity in which you listen and evaluate the views of others; both sides adapt, modify, and bargain to reach mutual agreements
- Multivocal Society
- Society that actively seeks expression of a variety of voices or viewpoints
- Voice
- Ideas, opinions, and wishes of a person or group that are expressed openly and formally
- Vir bonum, dicendi peritus
- The good person, skilled in speakng
- Dialogical Theory
- Theory that conversation is the foundation for all cornmunication; speakers and listeners work together actively to co-create meaning
- Dialogical Speakers
- Speakers who value traits such as authenticity and openness and who consequently show respect for their audience
- Monological Speakers
- Speakers who impose their own agenda regardless of the needs of their audience
- Respons-ibility
- Speakers and listeners respond to one another and come to mutual understandings
- Civility
- Self-control or moderation, in contrast to pride or arrogance; civil speakers persuade, consult, and compromise rather than coerce and manipulate
- Hecklers
- People who taunt, insult, ndicule, or shout down another person
- Plagiarism
- Presenting the words or ideas of others as if they were your own
- Fabricate
- Make up information or repeat a rumor without sufficiently checking its accuracy
- Cultural Allusions
- References to historical, literary, and religious sources that are familiar in a specific culture
- Stereotype
- Place someone in a category, then assume the person fits the characteristics of the category
- Prejudiced
- Having pre-formed biases or judgments, whether negative or positive
- Speech-Thought Differential
- The difference between the rate you think (about 500 words per minute) and the rate you speak (about 150 words per minute)
- Leftover Thinking Space
- Another term for the difference between your thinking rate and your speaking rate
- Schernas
- Mental plans or models that guide your. perception, interpretation, storage, and recollection of a speech
- Comprehensive Listening
- Listening to learn, understand, or get information
- Critical Listening
- Listening that requires you to reflect and weigh the merits of persuasive messages before you accept them
- Loaded Questions
- Questions containing implicanons intended to put the speaker on the defensive
- Closed Questions
- Requests for brief, specific answers
- Open Questions
- Requests for more lengthy responses
- Clarification Questions
- Requests to clear up confusing ideas
- Requests for Elaboration
- Questions asking for more information
- Comment
- Information from personal experience or research