Exam I: Public Speaking
Terms
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- positive nervousness
- Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation
- visualization
- Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation.
- ethnocentrism
- The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
- plagiarism
- Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own.
- global plagiarism
- Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own.
- patchwork plagiarism
- Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.
- incremental plagiarism
- Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.
- appreciative listening
- Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.
- empathic listening
- Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.
- Comprehensive Listening
- Listening to understand the message of a speaker.
- critical listening
- listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
- What are the three suggestions for focusing your listening?
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Listen for Main Points
Listen for Evidence
Listen for Technique - What are the four brainstorming techniques for topics?
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Personal Inventory
Clustering
Reference search
internet search - personal inventory
- Make a quick inventory of your experiences, interests, hobbies, skills, beliefs, and so forth. Jot down EVERYTHING. From this list may come a general subject area out of which you can fashion a specific topic.
- Clustering
- Divide a paper into nine columns: People, places, things, events, processes, concepts, natural phenomena, problems, plans, policies. List in each column the first five or six items that come to mind.
- Reference Search
- Go to the reference room of the library and browse through an encyclopedia, a periodical database, or some other reference work until you stumble across what might be a good speech topic.
- Internet Search
- Connect to a subject-based search engine, such as Yahoo or the LIbrarians' Index to the Internet.
- audience centeredness
- keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
- identification
- a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
- brief example
- a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
- extended example
- a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
- hypothetical example
- an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation
- Make your examples vivid and richly textured
- The richly textured example supplies everyday details that bring the example to life. THe more vivid your examples--brief or extended--the more impact they are likely to have on your audience.
- Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
- An extended example is just like a story or narrative. Its impact will depend as much on delivery as on content. So practice!
- Use Statistics from reliable sources
- As a speaker, you must be aware of possible bias in the use of numbers. Since statistics can be interpreted so many ways and put to so many uses, you should seek figures gathered by objective, nonpartisan sources
- Use statistics sparingly
- Insert statistics only when they are needed, and then make sure they are easy to grasp.
- Explain your statistics
- Statistics don't speak for themselves. They need to be interpreted and related to your listeners. Explain what statistics mean when dealing with large numbers since they are hard to visualize.
- Round off complicated statistics
- Unless there is an important reason to give exact numbers, you should round off most statistics.
- Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends
- visual aids can save you a lot of time, as well as make your statistics easier to comprehend.
- expert testimony
- testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
- peer testimony
- testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
- Use Testimony from qualified sources
- Being a celebrity or an authority in one area does not make someone competent in other areas. Listeners will find your speeches much more credible if you use testimony from sources qualified on the subject at hand. As we have seen, this may include either recognized experts or ordinary citizens with special experience on the speech topic.
- Use testimony from unbiased sources
- Careful listeners are suspicious of opinion from biased or self-interest sources. Be sure to use testimony from credible, competent, objective authorities.
- chronological order
- a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
- spatial order
- a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
- causal order
- a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
- problem-solution order
- a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.
- topical order
- a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
- Why is public speaking considered an art?
- Like other arts, public speaking involves theories, models, and practice
- What is success based on in public speaking?
- Success as a public speaker is based largely on critical thinking, appropriate rhetorical choices, self-confidence, and effective delivery
- What are the five canons of rhetoric?
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invention
arrangement
style
memory
delivery - What are the three rhetorical appeals?
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ethos
pathos
logos - ethos
- credibility of speaker
- pathos
- emotional appeals
- logos
- logical appeals-create impression of reasoned arguments that support speakers position
- What are the three selective psychological processes?
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1) selective attention
2) selective perception
3) selective retention - selective attention
- need to get everybody interested in you. come up with creative introduction, opening device
- selective perception
- audience members perceive things differently. how do you get the audience to perceive the message the same?
- selective retention
- ppl remember things differently
- What are the two steps of demographic audience analysis?
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1) Identify general demographic features
2) Determine the importance of those features - What are the 7 major demographic variables?
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1) Age
2) Gender
3) Sexual orientation
4) Racial, ethnic, & cultural background
5) religion
6) group membership
7) other variables - What are the three points to dispositional audience analysis?
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interest
knowledge
attitude - What are the four objectives of the introduction?
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1) gain audiences attention
2) establish credibility
3) reveal your topic in introduction
4) preview the main points - What are the eight types of opening devices?
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1) reference to the subject
2) reference to the occassion
3) personal reference
4) rhetorical questions
5) startling statement
6) pertinant quotation
7) using a joke/funny story
8) a real or hypothetical story - What are the four reasons why good organization is important?
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1) helps with audience comprehension
2) assits with audience retention
3) good organization increases speaker credibility
4) can increase speaker confidence - Number of Main Points
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1) 2-3 main points
2) never more than 5
3) Common organizational patterns
a- special considerations
b- each main pt should be equally important
c- balance time allocation
d- use parallel wording - Coordination and subordination
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Coordination- All points at 1 level of an outline should not overlap and should be of equal importance
Subordination- each point of the outline must directly support the point at the next level - signposts (two concepts)
- using language to flag an important idea
- What are the two objectives of the conclusion?
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1) signal the end
2) leave a really strong final impression - Developing a note of finality
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- avoid an abrupt ending so audience is satisfied that it's over
- weed in a concluding phrase
- work on delivery to execute a note of finality (pull voice down, slow down)
- avoid saying thank-you