Scientific Revolution
People, Books, and Theories of the Scientific Rervolution.
Terms
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- Maria Winkelmann
- found undiscovered comet; denied pace in the Berlin Academy b/c she was a woman
- (Francis Bacon's) inductive method
- reasoning by experiments, mathematics, and observation
- (Blaise Pascal's) "Pensees"
- his Christian apologetics (deductive); placed in the Index of Forbidden Books (ironic b/c Pascal was Catholic)
- Heliocentric Universe
- sun center of universe; developed by copernicus
- (Isaac Newton's) "Principia"
- Newton created calculus and his book explained it.
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- Polish monk; developed heliocentric theory but never proved it b/c his equations were wrong
- alchemy and hermetic magic
- desire to control/dominate the natural world was a motivating force for the Scientific Revolution
- Empyrean Heaven
- beyond the 10th sphere in the geocentric theory was the place were God and the other saved souls lived
- William Harvey and "On the Motion of the Heart and Blood"
- heart center of circulatory system
- "On the Fabric of the Human Body"
- written by Vesalius; explained anatomy of a human
- (Descartes') deductive method
- reasoning that is assumed based on a series of occurances and/or patterns
- "querelles des femmes"
- arguments about women dating back to the medieval era
- French Royal Academy of Sciences
- controlled by government; forced (by King Louis XIV) to focus on military sciences
- Natural Philosophers
- term developed for medieval philosophers such as Aristotle, Galen, and Ptolemy
- Galen
- used animals, not human bodies, to study anatomy; said liver and lungs were center or circ. system and there were two seperate blood systems
- (Galileo's) "The Starry Messenger"
- Italian mathematcian and astronomer; used his telescope to view the 4 moons around Jupiter, which disproved the geocentric theory
- Andreas Vesalius
- disproved Galen (liver center of circ. system); dissected human bodies of his lectures on anatomy; creates foundation of circ. system.
- "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"
- 1543, Copernicus
- Maria Sibylla Merian
- entomologist; wrote "Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam", which showed drawings of the life cycles of insects on Surinam
- epicycles
- concentric pheres within spheres; "theory" developed to explain why the observations wouldnt match with the mathematical equations for the geocentric theory
- The inquisition
- Galileo publicly recanted his proof on the heliocentric theory so he wouldnt die a painful death, but stated afterwards "Yet it still moves". He spent the rest of his life, under house arrest, studying mechanics
- Paracelsus
- rejected work of Aristotle and Galen; said disease was caused by an imbalance of the four bodily humors located in specific organs and that they could be treated by chemical remedies
- English Royal Society
- independent from government
- Ptolemaic Universe/Geocentric theory
- still earth center of universe with 9 revolving spheres around it
- "God's handiwork"
- stated that the world and the universe were made by God, and therefore, appropriate to study
- Aristotle
- medieval scientists; laid foundation for geocentric universe theory
- Universal law of Gravitation
- explained why planets continued in elliptical orbits around the sun
- 4 Bodily Humors
- Paracelsus; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
- "Journal des Savants"
- Journal posted by the French Royal Academy; written in vernacular, aimed at general public
- Tycho Brahe
- Danish astronomer; developed geoncentric theory; spent 20 years researching and observing trying to prove copernicus wrong
- Johannes Kepler
- developed 3 laws of planetary motion with Brahe's work; used jargon
- (Spinoza's) Pantheism
- Religion that "God" is everywhere and inhabits everything
- Margaret Cavendish
- educated scientist and astronomer; excluded from English Royal Society, regardless of her many accomplishments; wrote several books contrasting her knowledge with the knowledge of other scientists
- "Philosophical Transactions"
- Journal posted by English Royal Society; aimed at scientists, used jargon
- 3 laws of Planetary Motion
- created by Kepler; mathematically proved heliocentric theory