Chapter 2 chemical principles
Terms
undefined, object
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HOW MANY BONDS (VALENCE) DO EACH OF THESE ELEMENTS FORM?
HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, CARBON -
HYDROGEN = 1
OXYGEN = 2
NITROGEN = 3
CARBON = 4 -
STATE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAIR AND GIVEN AN EXAMPLE OF EACH CASE:
ATOM & ION -
ATOM: SMALLEST PART OF AN ELEMENT (PROTON H+)
ION: ATOM/GROUP OF ATOMS (H+) -
STATE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAIR AND GIVEN AN EXAMPLE OF EACH CASE:
ATOM & MOLECULE -
ATOM: SMALLEST PART OF AN ELEMENT (PROTON H+)
MOLECULE: TWO OR MORE ATOMS (SUGAR) -
STATE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAIR AND GIVEN AN EXAMPLE OF EACH CASE:
CATION & ANION -
CATION: POSITIVE CHARGE (H+)
ANION: NEGATIVE CHARGE (Cl-) -
STATE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAIR AND GIVEN AN EXAMPLE OF EACH CASE:
COVALENT BOND & IONIC BOND -
COVALENT BOND: SHARES PAIRS OF ELECTRONS
IONIC BOND: BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGES -
STATE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAIR AND GIVEN AN EXAMPLE OF EACH CASE:
EXERGONIC & ENDERGONIC -
EXERGONIC: RELEASE ENERGY
ENDERGONIC: REQUIRES ENERGY -
STATE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAIR AND GIVEN AN EXAMPLE OF EACH CASE:
ANABOLISM & CATABOLISM -
ANABOLISM: SYNTHESIS IN CELLS
CATABOLISM: DECOMPOSITION IN CELLS -
STATE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAIR AND GIVEN AN EXAMPLE OF EACH CASE:
SYNTHESIS & DECOMPOSITION -
SYNTHESIS: BONDS ARE FORMED
A+B=AB
DECOMPOSITION: BONDS ARE
BROKEN
AB=A+B -
STATE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAIR AND GIVEN AN EXAMPLE OF EACH CASE:
CATALYST & ENZYME -
CATALYST: SPEED UP REACTION
ENZYME: PROTEIN FUNCTIONING
AS A CATALYST
(LACTASE) -
STATE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAIR AND GIVEN AN EXAMPLE OF EACH CASE:
ELECTRON & PROTON -
ELECTRON: NEGATIVE CHARGE
PROTON: POSITIVE CHARGE - STATE 2 WAYS HYDROGEN BONDS ARE DIFFERENT FROM COVALENT AND IONIC BONDS.
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1. HYDROGEN BONDS ARE WEEK
BONDS.
2. HYDROGEN BONDS BREAK AND
FORM EASILY -
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TERMS, GIVING AN EXAMPLE WHERE RELEVANT:
ENZYME -
PROTEIN THAT CATALYZE CHEMICAL REACTIONS
(EX. LACTASE) -
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TERMS, GIVING AN EXAMPLE WHERE RELEVANT:
COLLISION THEORY - ATOMS ALWAYS IN MOTION BUMPING INTO EACH OTHER
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EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TERMS, GIVING AN EXAMPLE WHERE RELEVANT:
VALENCE - TELLS HOW MANY BONDS AN ATOM IS LIKELY TO FORM
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EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TERMS, GIVING AN EXAMPLE WHERE RELEVANT:
EXCHANGE REACTION - BONDS ARE BROKEN AND FORMED