Histo-respiratory organs
Terms
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- What are the two divisions of the respiratory system?
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-conducting division
-respiratory division - What are the four functions of the respiratory system?
-
-warms and moistens air- conchae of nasal cavities
-traps pollutants in nasal cavity
-removes dust
-carries O2 to the lungs and CO2 out of the lungs - What is the conducting division of the respiratory system?
- air conducting tubes that connect the exterior of the body to the respiratory portion of the lungs
- What is the respiratory division of the respiratory system?
- where exchange of gases between blood and air takes place
- What structures are included in the conducting division of the respiratory system?
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-nose
-nasopharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi=extrapulmonary, intrapulmonary
-bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles - What structures are included in the respiratory division of the respiratory system?
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-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sac
-alveoli - Where are the lungs located?
- in the pleural cavity
- What is the plerual cavity composed of?
- visceral and parietal pleura
- What is the hilus portion of the lung?
- place on lungs where major structures enter and leave the substance of the lung- such as the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and primary bronchus
- What are the different lobulation of the lungs- (different types of lobules)?
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-lobes
-broncho-pulmonary segments
-pulmonary or secondary lobules
-primary lobule - What are the different types of lobes in the lungs?
- superior, inferior, middle
- Can broncho-pulmonary segments be removed without the collapse of the lungs?
- yes
- What are pulmonary or secondary lobules?
- bronchioles and all passageways beyond including the surrounding CT, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
- What structures are considered pulmonary or secondary lobules?
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-bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs - What is the primary lobule?
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-functional unity of the lungs
-composed of the passageways of the respiratory division including the surrounding CT,blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics - What are the structures of the primary lobule?
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-respiratory bronchiole
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs - What are general characteristics of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi?
- They are tubular organs that have a tunica mucosa, submucosa and tunica adventitia/serosa
- What compsoses the mucosa of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi?
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-pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-lamina propria
-elastic layer - What does the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi contain?
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-is ciliated
-has goblet cells
-rests on the thickest basement membrane in the body - What type of tissue is in the lamina propria of mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi?
- loose CT w/ lymphocytes and such involved in anti-inflammatory response
- Does the elastic layer of the mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi replace the muscularis mucosa?
- yes
- What does the submucosa of the mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi contain?
- seromucous glands
- What is the tunica adventitia of the mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi composed of?
- composed of hyaline cartilage covered by perichondrium
-
Where are glands located in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi?
What type of glands are present? -
-in the back, by the smooth muscle and tracheal muscle
-goblet cells that produce mucous - What is the function of the cilia in the epithelium of the mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi?
- carries mucous away from the lungs
- What is the bronchial tree composed of?
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-intrapulmonary primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
-bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles - The intrapulmonary primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi has what type of epithelium?
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ cilia and goblet cells
- The intrapulmonary primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi has what instead of the elastic layer?
- a true muscular layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosa
- The intrapulmonary primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi submucosal glands are what?
- seromucous glands that are in the submucosa region
- What are the layers of the intrapulmonary primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi?
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from the lumen-
-epithelium
-muscularis muxosa
-submucosal glands
-adventitia - What are characteristics of bronchioles?
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-irregular shaped lumen
-no sero-mucous glands
-no cartilage/cartilage plates
-yes, goblet cells
- a combination of simple ciliated columnar and simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium - Is the epithelium still ciliated in the broncholes of smokers?
- no
- What are some characteristics of terminal bronchioles?
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-smooth lumen
-epithelium is simple ciliated cuboidal
-loss of goblet cells
-has cilia - In the respiratory structures of the lung, what type of epithelium is in the respiratory bronchiole?
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-contains ciliated simple cuboidal that transitions into simple nonciliated cuboidal
-this is the only place of resipratory tree w/ cilia - Where is the first appearance of alveoli?
- in the respiratory bronchiole
- What are the alveolar ducts?
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-thin walled passage with numerous outpocketings
-smooth muscle forms the ducts, looks like a "drumstick"
-epithelium in simple squamous non-ciliated and simple cuboidal non-ciliated - What are alveolar sacs?
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-terminal end of respiratory passages where the alveolar ducts end
-contain 3-5 alveoli
-no smooth muscle
-only simple squamous nonciliated epithelium
-gas exchange occurs here - What type of cells line the wall of the alveoli?
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-Type I pneumocytes
-Type II pneumocytes
-alveolar phagocytes/dust cells -
What are other names for Type I pneumocytes?
What type of cells are they? -
-squamous cell, pulmonary epithelial cell
-simple squamous epithelium lining the surface of the alveolus - What are other names for Type II pneumocytes?
- -great alveolar cell, septal cell
- What are characteristics for Type II pneumocytes?
-
-they produce surfactant
-is a cuboidal like cell
-is foamy looking due to surfactant production - What are alveolar phagocytes (dust cells)?
- lung macrophages derived from blood monocytes
- What is surfactant?
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-a thin film along the surface of the alveolus produced by type II pneumocyte that reduces the surface tension to prevent the lung from collapsing
-premature babies have problems because their lungs are not producing surfactant so their alveoli are closed making it difficult to breathe - What is the path of air to the blood?
- goes through the type I pneumocyte, basement membrane, and endothelium of capillary