Unit 9 Neuro-sensory
Terms
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- Neuron Nerve cells are
- transmitter cells
- 18. Refraction
- ** bending of light rays as they travel through a medium other than air. the deviation of light in passing obliquely from one medium to another of different density.
- Fissures-
- cracks
- Choroid-
- very vascular, 2nd tunic layer, attached to eye muscle
- Interneuron-
- mixed combo of sensory and motor ( central neurons and associative) found ONLY in CNS.
- X vagus nerve
- Motor fibers to the glands that produce digestive juices.
- Gyrate-
- Folds are called gyrate
- Temporal lobe-
- ears, auditory center, Memory storage, Smell
- Choroid plexus-
- forms CSF-formed by filtration of the blood and any cellular secretions (made) of clear fluid ; inside ventricles.
- Thickest layer of skin
- soles of feet
- Cerebrum-
- largest part of brain,Has 2 hemispheres - right and left, Center for all of our higher function, Thinking, reasoning, memory, judgement Responsible for our personality
- Parietal-
- Upper part of each hemisphere Sensory area- interprets our general senses: Heat,cold, shape, feel ,distance, size, pain, touch,temperature,shapes,Help us to recognize body parts.-
- Longitudinal fissure
- - deep groove that divides.
- Pons
- - inferior to midbrain
- Cones-
- will be in bright light or color. (day),Sensitive to color
- Tympanic membrane-
- creates tympanny- drums,Vibrates as sound enters ear, Vibrates and transmits sound waves to ossicles, Ear drum
- II- optic nerve(cranial)
- carries visual impulses from the eye to the brain.
- Cochlea-
- contains receptors for hearing., Receptors organ of corti- organ of hearing.,Effected by gravity- keeps you on your feet.
- cerebral cortex-
- outer nerve tissue. Covers cerebrum
- Trigeminal nerve
- motor fibers to the muscles of mastication join the third branch, This nerve dentist anesthetizes to work on teeth.
- White Matter
- Myelinated, Concerned with impulses along fibers which goes both ways. Spinal cord- has tracks- bundles of nerve fibers which have the same origin and termination and function.
- Insula-
- small 5th lobe- deep within each hemisphere-
- Thinnest layer of skin
- eyelids.
- Special sensory impulses of cranial nerves
- smell, taste, vision, and hearing.
- Skin
- regulates body temperature- gets rid of heat by evaporating body sweat- cooling mechanism.,Fat layer is insulator of heat loss. - warming mechanism, Receives environmental information- part of protection
- Dermis has
- Blood vessels, nerve endings and gland/ Collagen- gives skin strength and flexibility
- Motor aphasia-
- difficulty producing speech ( if damage to this area)
- Duramater-
- outermost layer, thickest, toughest, protection.,In spine- lines vertebrae,In brain- skull splits to allow passage of blood
- oval window-
- (foramen ovale- entrance to middle ear)
- White matter-
- Internally- cerebral hemispheres are made of white matter.Consists of myelinated fibers that connect the cortical areas of each other with other parts of the nervous system.
- Medulla oblongata is
- at Distal part of brain stem
- Pia mater
- innermost layer around the brain ,Attached to nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord. Follows all contours.,Delicate connective tissue. ,Holds blood vessels,Supply nutrients and oxygen to brain and spinal cord.
- Hypothalmus Controls-
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic, controls pituitary, Influences heartbeat, Contraction and relaxation of blood vessels. ,Hormone secretion,Other vital body functions.
- Sulci- (sulcus)
- Raised areas are separated by shallow grooves
- Depressions-
- Dipping down
- cerebral cortex-
- layer of gray matter forms surface of each cerebral hemisphere-impulses are received and analyzed.
- Long term memory-
- storage of information that can be recalled at a later time.
- Iris-
- color pigment of eye-, regulates the size of the pupil.
- incus-
- anvil
- Ventricles-
- filled with CSF( spinal fluid), system will flow into subarachnoid spaces
- Diencephalon
- -area between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem. Includes thalamus and hypothalamus
- Frontal Lobe Functions
- Primary motor area- provides conscious control of skeletal muscles.,2 areas important in speech.
- Dopamine-
- neurotransmitter secreted by neurons of basal nuclei.
- The Brain
- Occupies cranial cavity, covered by membranes, fluid and bones of the skull.
- IV- trochlear nerve(cranial)
- supplies one eyeball muscle.
- Lens-
- brings light into focus
- Skin consists of 3 layers
- Epidermis and Dermis, subcutaneous
- Midbrain
- Inferior to the center of the cerebrum.,Forms superior part of brain stem.
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Clear liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord.
- Central sulcus-
- lies between frontal and parietal lobes of each hemisphere at right angles to the longitudinal fissure.
- Cerebral cortex-
- outer nervous tissue of the cerebral hemisphere is gray matter. Arranged in folds. Thin layer of gray matter- most highly evolved portion of brain, Responsible for conscious thought,reasoning, and abstract mental functions.
- Autonomic- automatic-
- involuntary-,Activities of visceral organs
- Ventricles
- - 4 spaces within the brain.
- Mid brain Gray Matter
- -Four rounded masses, hidden by cerebral hemispheres form superior part of midbrain.,Four bodies act as centers for reflexes involving,Eyes, and ears.
- malleaus-
- hammer- looks like hammer
- This equals neuron-
- dendrites and axons
- Arachnoid
- middle layer of meninges. Loosely attached by weblike fingers. Allows space for movement of CSF cerebrospinal fluid.
- Corpus collosum-
- connects he hemispheres- the corpus collosum-
- Cranial nerves Contain both motor and sensory
- V, VII, IX, X
- Choroid plexus
- -vascular network in each ventricle- forms CSF by filtration of the blood and by cellular secretion.
- Bony labyrinth
- Vestibule- entrance through oval window into chochlea
- Middle ear-
- air filled chambers- found in temporal bone of skull.
- Myelin is an
- insulator.
- Motor areas-
- for spoken and written communication- lie anterior to the most inferior part of the frontal lobe's motor cortex.
- Trigeminal nerve
- 3 branches transport general sense impulses From eye, upper jaw, and lower jaw ,// pain, temperature, touch
- Functions of Pinna-
- oracle-, Captures sounds,Visible portion of ear,Made of cartilage,Directs soundwaves
- Eustachian Tube
- connects middle ear to pharynx (throat), equalizes pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane,mucous membrane from pharynx to middle ear cavity.
- 7. Cutaneous
- **skin pertaining to the skin.
- Cutaneous
- refers to skin
- Lateral sulcus-
- curves along the side of each hemisphere and separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
- Nails
- Dead, Cutaneous plates , made of keratin - produced by cells that originate in the outer layer of the epidermis, Protection- for toes and fingers
- Cranial nerves
- Numbers begin anteriorly and proceed posteriorly,All arise from brain stem EXCEPT the first 2 pairs, and 9th pair and 12th pair supply structures of the head.
- Nerve tissue:
- neurons a lot of them together form bundles = nerve fibers.
- Ciliary muscle-
- attaches choroid, contracts-
- VIII- vestibulocochlear nerve(cranial nerve)
- carries sensory impulses for hearing and equilibrium from inner ear (Formerly called auditory or acoustic nerve)
- Pia mater-
- allows for blood supply to the brain.,Directly attached to the cord and the brain.,Will dip in and out of brain- into all of those depressions.Extremely delicate. - a lot of vessels.
- Autonomic breaks into
- Sympathetic, Parasympathetic
- Cranial nerves V through VIII
- originate from Pons.
- 8. Dura mater
- **outermost layer of meninges the outermost, toughest of the three meninges (membranes) of the brain and spinal cord.
- Hair is Protection
- for eyes and nose
- Gyri-
- elevated portions of folds.
- Tympanic Membrane Covered with
- skin on outside, Thin mucous membrane on inside, Separates external ear from middle ear.
- IX-glossopharyngeal nerve(cranial nerve)
- general sensory fibers from the back of the tongue and pharynx- SWALLOWING muscles, secretory fibers supply the largest salivary gland(parotid)
- Lacrimal gland
- tears -wash away what might get in your eye, Cleansing mechanism
- 6. Cerumen
- earwax; the waxlike substance found within the external meatus of the ear.
- Auditory association area
- - interprets sounds.
- Frontal lobe-
- motor cortex
- Cerebral hemispheres
- - divided into right and left.
- Basal nuclei-basal ganglia-
- masses of gray matter located deep within each cerebral hemisphere.,Work w/cerebral cortex to regulate body movement, muscles of facial expression.
- 20. Synapse
- **point of junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and an effector. Carries Out a response to stimulus. (leaping)the site of functional apposition between neurons, where an impulse is transmitted from one to another, usually by a chemical neurotransmitter released by the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron.
- Pupil-
- size of Iris opening- opening of eye, lens fits into pupil-bringing light into focus.
- Epidermis
- Outermost layer- NO blood vessels,Constantly shed- dropping epidermis,Cells are very flat.- horny, Tough and dry,Stratified, squamous,Contains our pigment
- CNS- -central nervous system
- Brain, spinal cord
- Dermis (corium)
- Middle layer,Framework of connective tissues, Blood vessels, glands , nerve fibers, beginning of hair follicles., receptor organs, Receptor organs- nerves, Feel pain, hot cold, touch, pressure.
- Arachnoid villis
- rojections through which fluid returns to blood.
- Dendrites-
- nerve fibers move toward the cell.
- Somatic motor impulses of Cranial Nerves
- Voluntary control of skeletal muscles.
- Motor speech area.
- - broca area- Speech muscles in the tongue, soft palate, and larynx controlled here.
- Pons regulates
- Reflex- involuntary actions- some regulating respiration.
- Skin functions
- Protects against infection, dehydration, Regulates body temp, Collects sensory information
- Frontal Lobe Controls
- voluntary muscle action.,Motor ability includes:,Writing,Speaking,Intellectualization,judgement,Forming concepts,Critical thinking, Controls speech
- Temporal Lobe Functions:
- auditory area- receiving and interpreting impulses from the ear.Olfactory area- sense of smell- located in medial part of temporal lobe. Stimulated by impulses arising from receptors in the nose.
- 2. Arachnoid
- *middle layer of meninges. Resembling a cobweb. Used of the arachnoid membrane covering the brain and spinal cord.
- Orbit-
- Fit into a cavity in skull.- protects Eye cavity bones protection of eye eyelid, eyelashes and eyebrown, conjunctiva, lacrimal
- 9. Effect
- **response to a stimuli, the result produced by an action.
- Vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve will merge into one and make up the main nerve
- cranial nerve 8 vestibulocochlear nerve 8 - (acoustics)
- The Pons
- Lies between the midbrain and the medulla ,Anterior to the cerebellum ,Composed of myelinated nerve fibers which connect the tow halves of the cerebellum with the brain stem,
- Cranial nerves Contain on sensory fibers
- I, II, VIII
- Medulla Oblongata
- Located between the pons and the spinal cord. ,Appears white externally because of myelinated nerve fibers., Internally contains collection of cell bodies( gray matter) called Nuclei or centers. Vital centers.
- Cerebral Spinal Fluid - absorbs back into body through
- arachnoid villi
- Function of CSF
- to support nervous tissues, cushion shocks, carries nutrients to cell, transports waste away.,Flows out into subarachnoid space of the meninges.
- Medulla Oblongata Controls
- Respiratory center- Cardiac center- Vasomotor center Controls blood flow and blood pressure.
- Diencephalon-
- Thalamus, and Hypothalamus
- Parietal lobe-
- occupies superior part of each hemisphere and lies posterior to the central sulcus.,Gyrus just behind the central sulcus in this lobe contains:
- Dural sinuses
- venous channels for drainage of blood coming from the brain tissue.
- Synapse- junction-
- Gap between nerve tissue-,Impulse will jump across,Electricity- junction point for transmission of nerve impulses.
- Conjunctiva-
- mucous membrane, Lining of eyeball.
- Medulla oblongata
- - pons connects midbrain with medulla
- dendrite-
- can be up to 3ft. long.,Sent to brain, interpret, response. Stimulus happens within seconds
- Functions of cerebellum
- Balance, muscle tone, coordination, standing, walking, sitting
- Functions of Cerebral Cortex
- Activities form the basis of knowledge. ,Memory- information can be recalled on demand.,Thought processes such as association, judgment and discrimination.,Conscious deliberation and voluntary actions
- 21. Thalmus
- **region of brain located in diencephalon- A large ovoid mass of gray matter situated in the posterior part of the forebrain that relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.
- Memory-
- mental faculty for recalling ideas.
- 10. Equilibrium
- **state of balance. the condition of balance between varying, shifting, and opposing forces that is characteristic of living processes.
- Dermatology
- study of skin
- Internal capsule-
- compact band of myelinated fibers that carries impulses between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem.
- Hair Follicle
- Composed of Keratin , not living, Filament, slender, dead, epidermal tissue
- Crainial nerves III and IV
- originate from midbrain.
- Nervous System-
- coordinates and controls the body, then communicates with systems, That will conduct responses to internal and external changes.
- Brain stem-
- connects the cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord.
- Layers of eyeball-
- coats, tunics, layers- 3 layers
- Hair follicles
- are located Deep in dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
- Midbrain
- - superior portion of brain stem
- Cornea-
- sclera becomes transparent, window of our eye.
- 3. Auditory
- **pertaining to sense of hearing. Of or relating to hearing, the organs of hearing, or the sense of hearing.
- 16. Orbit
- Eye socket. the bony cavity containing the eyeball and its associated muscles, vessels, and nerves.
- Subcutaneous layer Function
- Stores water and fat,Insulates body, Protects underlying organs Pathway for our nerves and blood vessels.
- Axons-
- nerve fibers that carry away from the cell.
- Initial stage-
- sensory signals are retained for a short time.
- Salty-
- tip at -very tip.
- 19. Sensory
- **neurons that carrie impulses from receptors, to the brain and spinal cord. Transmitting impulses from sense organs to nerve centers; afferent.
- Meninges-
- 3 layers of connective tissue that surround both the brain and spinal cord to form a complete enclosure.
- Convolutions -
- Elevated portions
- Pons-
- means bridge,White matter,Connects midbrain to medulla, link to cerebellum and rest of nervous system, Myelinated fibers,Transmits impulses to cerebellum to the cerebrum, maybe medulla to the spinal cord.
- Somatic
- Effectors areskeletal muscles, Controlled voluntary, conscious will.
- Neurons:
- Functional cells of nervous system, Extremely specialized
- Auditory areas-
- lie in temporal lobe-
- Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs of these nerves.
- Subarachnoid space-
- cerebral, spinal fluid.-CSF
- Ossicles-
- smallest bones in our body 3 0f them, sealed off by tympanic membrane, these bones move, amplify and transmit , vibrate, conduct sound waves through middle ear to oval window or
- Meninges:
- Connective tissue - 3 layers, surround brain and spinal cord, forms a closed system
- Speech comprehension area-
- wernicke area- functions in speech recognition and the meaning of the words.auditory
- XI- accessory Nerve
- (formerly called spinal accessory nerve) Motor nerve with 2 branches.
- Written speech center-
- lies anterior to cortical area that controls arm and hand muscles. motor
- Role of thalamus
- is to sort out the impulses and direct them to particular areas of the cerebral cortex.
- Cerebral aquaduct-
- continues down from 3rd ventricle- small canal.
- 15. Olfactory
- *cranial nerve, sense of smell. Receptors in nasal muscosa. Of, relating to, or contributing to the sense of smell.
- Structure of a neuron
- Cell body,Nucleus, Cell fibers,Dendrites,Axons
- Retina-
- 3rd layer, Vision takes place
- 1. Affect
- *Emotional state- can be created by nervous system. To have an influence on or affect a change in.
- Nervous system at work
- Electrical impulses sent along neuron fibers and transmitted between cells at junctions.
- 13. Motor
- **efferent neurons, fibers that carry impulses from the central nervous system out to muscles and glands. Causing or producing motion.
- Brain stem
- Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata
- 17. Receptor
- Specialized cell or ending of sensory nerve that can be excited by a stimulus. a sensory nerve ending that responds to various stimuli.
- 14. Neurology
- ** study of diseases of nervous system. the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system, both normal and in disease.
- V- trigeminal nerve(cranial)
- large sensory nerve of the face and head.
- Arachnoid membrane-
- cobweb-w/spaces in between- to hold fluid
- Cranial nerves of taste buds and mouth
- Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX)
- Dendrite orginates in
- receptor.
- Functions of skin
- alerts body to whatever the environment is telling. (environmental conditions)
- The cerebrum
- - largest part of the brain.
- Diencephalon-
- interbrain- is located between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem.,Includes thalamus and hypothalamus. 2 parts of the thalamus form the lateral walls of the third ventricle.
- Hypothalmus Helps maintain
- homestasis by controlling body temperature, water balance, sleep, appetite and some emotions such as fear and pleasure.
- Cerebellum
- - (little brain) located immediately below the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres, connected with cerebrum, brain stem and spinal cord by means of the pons.
- Sudiferous
- sweat, located in dermis and subcutaneous tissue
- The Brain Stem
- Composed of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
- organ of corti-
- receptor cells where we are REALLY going to hear.
- Sclera-
- - coats- outermost layer-, white of eye,Toughest, protective,Covers front of eyeball.
- Horns-
- extensions into lobes of cerebrum
- Vertical fibers
- make up internal capsule
- Types of neurons:
- Can be sensory or motor
- Role of nervous system:
- Detects and responds to stimuli, Brain and spinal cord act as switiching centers,Nerves carry messages to and from centers.
- Myelin Covered by
- neurilemma - connective tissue,Regenerates nerve tissue.
- Brain Stem-
- Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
- 22. White Matter
- Whitish nerve tissue, especially of the brain and spinal cord, consisting chiefly of myelinated nerve fibers. ** nervous tissue composed of myelinated fibers.
- Medulla Oblongata controls
- Respiratory center, controls muscles of respiration , Cardiac center- ,Vasomotor center- vessels, determines BP, Reflex action- hiccup, cough, sneezing, vomitting
- Facial nerve VII
- Contains secretory fibers to the smaller salivary glands Anterior 2/3 of tongue and Secretory fibers lacrimal glands.
- Midbrain-
- just below cerebrum- forward part of brain stem.
- III- oculomotor nerve(cranial)
- concerned with the contraction of most eye muscles.
- VII- facial nerve(cranial nerve)
- largely motor- muscles of facial expression and includes special sensory fibers for taste
- Cranial nerves Contain motor fibers
- III, IV, VI, XI, XII
- Afferent-
- sensory- impulses -Electrical charge- goes toward central nervous systems- Incoming
- Visceral motor impulses of cranial nerves
- Produced involuntary control of glands and involuntary muscles. ( cardiac and smooth)
- Visual areas-
- occipital lobe's cortex.
- Efferent
- -motor- comes away from CNS- outgoing
- Pons is an Important connecting link
- between cerebellum and rest of nervous system.
- Receptors are
- end organs- internal and external-, all information send to brain and right back out (effector).Touch, pain, hot and cold. Etc.
- Motor pathways part of autonomic nervous system
- parasympathetic division.
- Foramina-
- openings for communication.
- Bitter-
- back
- Cerebellum
- Left side controls right,
- How do we make CSF?
- choroid plexus (ventricles)
- Cerebellum
- Made up of 3 parts- middle portion (vermis) and two lateral hemispheres.
- Functions of Occipital lobe cortex
- Visual images of language are received. Visual area lies anterior to receiving cortex, then interprets these visual impulses as words. Ability to read with understanding develops in this area.
- 5. Cerebrum
- **largest part of brain. the main portion of the brain, occupying the upper part of the cranial cavity; its two hemispheres, united by the corpus callosum, form the largest part of the central nervous system in humans.
- General sensory impulses of cranial nerves
- pain, touch, temperature, deep muscle sense, pressure and vibrations and are Widely distributed throughout body.
- Sweet-
- tip of tongue, middle, behind salt.
- Gray Matter
- - concerned with brain and spinal cord, unmyelinated; no neurilemma, Taking impulses across selected synapses,Tissue, cell bodies of these neurons are scattered throughout., Several cell bodies- constantly conducting.,Hit with stimuli all the time. Brain very active
- Hair All over the body except
- soles of feet
- stapes-
- stirrup
- Skin functions
- Protection, chemically and mechanically, light barrier, cushions internal organs (adipose tissue), Excretion- water and salt through perspiration, Absorption- minimal amounts of water, Sun- Vit D.
- Functions Of Ear :
- Organ for hearing, equilibrium
- Taste buds on tongue
- Stimulated by substances in solution
- 4. Brain Stem
- **portion of brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord, contains the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata. the stemlike portion of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord.
- Sour-
- sides
- Subaceous
- oil
- Smell receptor
- olfactory 1 found in nasal cavity, send off to olfactory nerve and off to the brain, Found in upper part of nasal cavity- mucosa, Stimulates appetite
- Sense of Smell
- Smell receptors in nasal cavity
- 12. Hypothalmus
- ** region controls pituitary, maintains homeostasis. The part of the brain that lies below the thalamus, forming the major portion of the ventral region of the diencephalon, and that regulates bodily temperature, certain metabolic processes, and other autonomic activities.
- Nails originate
- in outer part of epidermis
- External auditory canal-
- meatus, Inch long, Lined with cilia
- Functions of Nervous system
- Reacts to internal and external changes,Links with environment,Center of mental processes., Reacts in split seconds. Processes information and sends it to an appropriate area.
- Efferent-motor-
- long axon and 3-5 dendrites, Myelin sheath- Nerve fibers are covered with Myelin.
- 11. Grey Matter
- **nervous tissue, composed of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies. Brownish-gray nerve tissue, especially of the brain and spinal cord, composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue.
- Short term memory
- - retention bits of information for a few seconds or perhaps a few minutes. After that time information is lost unless reinforced.
- Occipital lobe- l
- ies posterior to theparietal lobe and extends over the cerebellum.
- Subcutaneous
- Connects dermis to muscle and Composed of elastic plus fiberous connective tissue
- Suspensory ligament-
- holds lens in place. By means of filaments.
- Parietal Lobe Functions
- Primary sensory area- impulses from the skin : touch, pain, and temperature are interpreted. ,Estimation of distances, sizes and shapes take place here. Greater the sensation the more involved cortex is.
- Occipital lobe functions
- Visual receiving area and visual association area, Interprets impulses arising from the retina of the eye.
- Rods-
- nerve receptor that will pick up light when it is dim. (night),Sensitive to black and white
- Inner Ear
- 3 spaces- hollowed out inside the temporal bone.,Series of canals
- Afferent- Sensory-
- single dendrite -single axon
- ***CNS does not have
- nurilemma- cannot regenerate.
- Temporal lobe-
- inferior to lateral sulcus, fold under the hemisphere on each side.
- Cerebellum
- Outer area of gray matter and Inner area of white matter which has treelike pattern.
- Cerebrlspinal Fluid
- Cushion, protect, transport nutrients and waste ( away.) Supports nervous tissue, cushions from shock
- Cerebral Hemispheres: Divided into 4 lobes:
- frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes.
- Fibrils form at
- the synapses in the cerebral cortex. ,Enables impulses to travel more easily from one neuron to another.
- Cerumen-
- ear wax; cerimonous glands,Will conduct sounds to tympanic membrane,Protects typanic
- XII- hypoglossal Nerve
- carries impulses controlling muscles of the tongue, visceral, movement of tongue
- Subcutaneous layer
- Composed of adipose tissue,Acts as an insulator, Stores energy, contains superficial fascia- protects organs -sits on top of organs.
- mammary glands
- glorified sweat glands.
- X- vagus nerve
- longest cranial nerve. ( name means wanderer) Supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and cavities.
- Nerve Fibers are like
- a conducting core
- Autonomic Nervous System Processes:
- Hormonal feedbacks, visceral , controls smooth muscle, heart glands, peristalsis, digestive juices.
- Ceruminous glands
- sweat glands in ear, ear wax
- Midbrain Function-
- relay center for eye and ear reflexes,Serves as passageway to the higher brain centers, Conducts impulses from cerebrum down through midbrain, pons, medulla to spinal cord.
- Ability to write words-
- last phase of development of learning words and their meanings.Motor
- Dermis
- TRUE SKIN,Thickest layer,Dermal papilla
- PNS- pheripheral nervous system-
- spinal nerves, cranial nerves
- Auditory receiving area-
- detects sound impulses transmitted from the environment
- VI- abducens nerve(cranial nerve)
- sends controlling muscles to an eyeball muscle.
- Vestibule-
- After foramen ovale is a vestibule
- XI accessory nerve
- One branch controls 2 muscles of the neck: the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid: other branch controls muscles of the larynx
- Arrector pili
- surrounds base of hair, band of muscle, contracts- goose bumps-Cells add color pigment to hair.
- Thalmus
- All sensory impulses travel through the thalamus.
- Melanonin
- Pigment granules in epidermis
- Hypothalmus-
- Located in the midline area inferior to the thalamus and forms the floor of the third ventricle.
- Midbrain White matter - anterior of midbrain
- - conducts impulses between higher centers of cerebrum and lower centers of pons, medulla, cerebellum and spinal cord.
- Gray matter-
- unmyelinated
- I - olfactory nerve(cranial)
- carries smell impulses from receptors in the nasal mucosa to the brain.
- Sebum
- lubricates skin and hair, eye lubrication
- Pons has
- reflex action, Partial control of respirations.
- Corpus callosum-
- band of white matter located at bottom of longitudinal fissure.,Band is a bridge between right and left hemisphere. ,Permits impulses to cross from one side to the other.
- Sulci-
- Grooves are called sulci
- Synapse Needs neurotransmitters:
- ephinenphrine(norephinephrine), acetycoline,(adrenaline) noradrenaline, Need chemical to send it to the brain.
- Basic tastes buds
- - along fissures of tongue
- Semicircular canals-
- right angled - contains perilymph- for equilibrium
- Occipital lobe-
- most posterior, extends over cerebellum, Visual receiving area ,Interpret messages we get from eye to retina.,Involved with understanding the written word.
- Dura mater
- - outermost - thickest, toughest (hard mother) has 2 layers and outer layer is fused to bones of cranium.
- Cerebrum
- Cerebral hemispheres, Longitudinal fissure, Lobes
- pinna,
- external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
- Frontal lobe-
- larger in humans- lies anterior to the central sulcus.
- Medulla oblongata
- Between pons and spinal cord,White outside ; gray inside
- Foramen magnum
- - medulla connects the brain with the spinal cord through large opening at base of the skull.