Unit 4 respiration
Terms
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- Right lung
- is divided by fissures into 3 lobes; left lung divided into 2 lobes.
- Spirogram
- the tracing.
- Pharynx
- throat- carries air into the respiratory tract and carries foods and liquids into the digestive system. Ends below the esophagus.Opens into the larynx and vocal cords.
- Lobes
- division of the lungs- well defined part of an organ separated by boundaries.
- External exchange
- takes place in the lungs breathing O2 in and Co2 out. (Diffusion)
- Pulmonary ventilation
- movement of air into and out of the lungs, accomplished by breathing.
- Oxygen O2
- gas needed to break down nutrients completely for energy within the cell.
- Changes produced in air as it comes in contact with lining of the nose
- Foreign bodies, filtered out,Air is warmed by blood in mucous membrane,Air is moistened by liquid secretion.
- 10% CO2 is dissolved
- in plasma and in the fluid within RBC. (carbonated beverages are an example of water in which Co2 is dissolved. )
- Mediastinum
- region between lungs and organs and vessels it contains. Middle section of thorax.
- Vital capacity
- the volume of air that can be expelled from lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalaltion
- Larynx is Made of
- cartilage part of thyroid cartilage that protrudes the front of the neck. (adam's apple)
- Inhalation/ inspiration
- breathing in
- Pharynx
- last section opens into the larynx toward the anterior and into the esophagus toward the posterior.
- Containd adenoids.
- Tube connects into middle ear.
- Hypocapnia
- hyperventilation causes an increase in the oxygen level and a decrease in the Co2 level of the blood. Condition called hypocapnia.
- Normal breathing range
- is 12-20 per minute
- In the bronchioles there is
- NO cartilage at all- mostly smooth muscle- under control of autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.
- Dyspnea
- a subjective feeling of difficult labored breathing.
- This surface action prevents
- collapse of alveoli and eases expansion of lungs.
- Surface tension within
- alveoli aid in this return to resting size.
- Surfactant
- a substance that reduces the surface tension(pull) of the fluids that line the alveoli.
- Glottis
- space between vocal cords.- CONTAINS vocal cords (folds). somewhat open during normal breathing.
- External exchange
- movement of gases between the alveoli and the capillary blood in the lungs.
- Internal exchange
- Takes place between the blood and the tissues.
- Diffusion
- breathing O2 in and Co2 out. High concentration to low...exchange for O2
- Epiglottis
- little leaf shaped cartilage- lid covers larynx during swallowing. Upper surface of larynx.
- Oxygen
- does dissolve in water.
- External exchange of gases
- to the outside- process of inspiration + expiration- exchange of gases in the lungs. occurs in the lungs as oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide Co2 diffuses out of the blood to be eliminated.
- Air we breathe here has
- 21% oxygen; we use 5% of it;
- Purpose of Trachea
- is to conduct air between the larynx and the lungs.
- Respiration involves
- ventilation of the lungs, exchange of gases and their transport in the blood.
- Total lung capacity
- total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation.
- Sinuses
- cavity or channel
- Hyperpena
- abnormal increase in depth and rate of respiration. fast breathing
- Gas exchange requires association
- with circulatory system.
- Lungs weigh
- 2.5 lbs each- light weight , airy, spongy, elastic
- Conchae
- shell shaped structures. Passageways -Form the side walls of the nasal cavity. Spiral shaped, expands for breathing-increase surface area- making area bigger-able to breath more air.
- Residual volume
- volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation
- Bronchi
- at inferior end the trachea divides into two primary or main stem bronchi.
- Medulla
- Part of brain - deals with breathing- respiratory center Controls rate, depth, and rhythm of our respirations
- Cells are constantly using oxygen in
- metabolism and obtaining fresh supplies by diffusion from blood.
- Exchange done by process of
- diffusion and osmosis
- Respiratory system
- an arrangement of spaces and passageways that conduct air into the lungs. Pathway for air between the atmosphere and the blood.
- Expiratory reserve volume
- additional amount that can be breathed out by force after a normal exhalation
- Diaphragm
- strong -dome shaped muscle attached to the body wall around the base of the rib cage.
- Pseudostratified
- falsely stratified.
- Bronchi
- enter lungs . right and left bronchus- bronchial tree-
- Each closed sac
- completely surrounds the lung except in the place where the bronchus and blood vessels enter the lung. (region known as root of the lung)
- These subdivisions of the lung
- correspond to the subdivisions of the bronchi as they branch through the lungs.
- 98.5% of oxygen that diffuses into the capillary blood in the lungs
- binds to hemoglobin.
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- additional amount that can be breathed in by force after a normal inhalation.
- Anoxia
- total lack of oxygen.
- Nasopharynx
- superior portion, located immediately behind the nasal cavity.
- Respirations
- process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivered to the cells.
- Sac where
- exchange takes place and then passes to capillary.
- Cells have
- cilia to filter impurities and create fluid movement within the conducting tubes.
- Muscles involved with breathing
- Intercostals muscles in between ribs, abdominal, diaphragm.
- Vocal cords
- vibrate as air flows over them from the lungs. Vibrate when exhale
- Blood is
- Never totally depleted of oxygen.
- Law of physics
- when the volume of a given amount of gas increases the pressure of the gas decreases.
- Exhalation/ expiration
- breathing out
- Ventral-Laryngeal pharynx
- air passage way toward the front of laryngeal pharynx
- Trachea has
- Cartilages U shaped or C shaped, horseshoe shaped. Framework of cartilage; keeps it open.Rings of cartilage. OPEN at the back for expansion during swallowing.
- inferior portion of nasal septum
- formed by vomer.
- Level of Co2
- makes us breathe.
- Parietal pleura
- attached to chest wall-
- Cilia
- hairlike processes
- Tachypnea
- an excessive rate of breathing that may be normal as in exercise.
- Bronchi contain small bits of
- cartilage which give firmness to their walls and hold the passageways open so air can pass in and out.
- Tidal volume
- amount of air moved into or out of lungs in quiet relaxed breathing.
- Regulation depends on
- respiratory control center located in medulla and pons of the brain stem.
- Cyanosis
- a bluish color of skin and mucous membranes caused by an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood.
- Compliance is decreased
- when lungs resist expansion.
- Hyperventilation
- increased O2 and Low Co2
- Breathing out
- diaphragm rises up
- Euchstatian tube
- equalizes pressure located in containd adenoids.
- Dorsal-laryngeal pharynx
- food passage way toward the back of
- Cellular respiration
- oxygen is taken into a cell and used in the breakdown of nutrients with the release of energy.Co2 is waste product of cellular respiration.
- Atelectasis
- death or hardening of an area.
- Co2 diffuses
- from cells into the blood and is transported to the lungs 3 ways:
- Smallest is called
- bronchioles
- Alveoli
- smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree.
- Main functions of respiration
- to eliminate Co2, supply oxygen to red cells and circulation.
- Larynx
- - Voicebox - located between the pharynx and trachea.
- Quiet breathing
- diaphragm accounts for most of increase in thoracic volume.
- On medial side lung
- left lung has an indentation that accommodates the heart.
- CNS controls
- fundamental respiratory pattern.
- Frontal sinus
- forehead
- Functional unit of alveoli
- 350 mill per lung.
- Total hemoglobin in red cells
- holds 97% saturated with oxygen ( maximum amount of oxygen it can hold.)
- Capacity
- lung capacity is a sum of volumes.
- Forced exhalation
- intercoastal muscles contract, abdominal wall contracts.
- Carbon dioxide CO2
- gaseous waste product of breathing.
- Orthopnea
- refers to a difficulty in breathing that is relieved by sitting in an upright position, either against pillows in bed or in a chair.
- Plueral space
- contains thin film of fluid that lubricates the membranes.
- Spirometer
- instrument for recording lung volumes.
- Pleura consist of
- serous membrane
- Relative concentrations of a gas
- on the two sides of a membrane determine the direction of diffusion.
- mediastinum
- the space between the lungs including the esophagus, trachea, and lymph nodes.
- Cheyne-stokes respirations
- periods of apnea, and hyperventilation.
- 15% Co2 is combined
- with the protein portion of hemoglobin and plasma proteins.
- Pulmonary ventilation
- exchange of air between the atmosphere and the air sacs(aveoli) of the lungs.Accomplished by breathing.
- Functions of the Nose
- removes foreign particles and pathogens. (bacteria), moistens the air and warms,has smell receptors.
- Hemoglobin molecule
- is a large protein- with 4 small heme portions- each one can bind one molecule of oxygen.
- Eupnea
- normal breathing- respirations
- Functions of Glottis
- Keeps food out of air passage,Breathing- open,Swallow- epiglottis closes over it.
- Lung tissues are elastic and
- return to original size during exhalation.
- Purpose of fluid in pluera
- is for the surfaces slide easily on each other but strongly resist separation,Helps lungs move and enlarge effortlessly in response to changes in the thoracic volume that occur during breathing.
- circulating blood needed to transport
- oxygen to cells and transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
- Laryngeal pharynx
- most inferior portion- vocal cords make sounds 2 spaces- aids in speech.
- Nasal Septum
- divides into 2 nostrils-cartilage and very thin bones.2 nasal cavities are separated from each other by this partition.
- Hilum
- notch where each bronchus enters the lungs at a notch or depression.Blood vessels and nerves connect with the lung in this region.
- Respiratory tract is lined with
- Mucous membrane
- Lining of air passageways
- respiratory tract lined with epithelium- simple columnar epithelium.
- 75% Co2 is transported as
- ion, known as bicarbonate ion, which is formed when carbon dioxide undergoes a chemical change after it dissolves in blood fluids.
- Hypoventilation
- insufficient amout of O2
- Tonsil
- mass of lymphoid tissue is region of pharynx
- Anterior section of septum is made of
- hyaline cartilage.
- Deoxygenated blood
- is 70% saturated with oxygen.
- Nasal septum
- dividing wall between chamber of nasal cavity. Cartilage
- Cilia
- drive impurities toward the throat, where they can be swallowed or eliminated by coughing or sneezing or blowing nose.
- Functional residual capacity
- the amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation.
- As thoracic cavity increases in size
- gas pressure within the cavity decreases.
- Superior portion formed by
- thin plate of ethmoid bone that extends downward
- If foreign body inhaled is
- more likely to go into right lung.
- Carbon Monoxide
- causes serious reduction in the bloods ability to carry oxygen.
- Hypoxia
- lower than normal oxygen level in the tissues.
- Sinuses
- small cavities- hollow, lined with mucous membrane. Inbedded into the skull; 4 pairs- enter into nasal cavities.
- 2 lungs
- set side by side In thoracic cavity.
- Lungs
- Organs in which gas diffusion takes place through the extremely thin, delicate lung tissue.
- Between the lungs are
- the heart and great blood vessels and other organs of the mediastinum
- Suffication
- cessation of respiration; often a result of mechanical blockage.
- When volume decreases
- pressure increases.
- Barrier that separates alveolar air from the blood is composed of
- alveolar wall and the capillary wall. ( thin, moist)
- Inhalation (inspiration)
- drawing of air into the lungs,Active phase of breathing,Respiratory muscles contract to enlarge thoracic cavity.
- Voice
- Variations in length and tension and distances between them regulates pitch of sound.
- Tachypnea
- rapid breathing Over 20
- maxillary sinus
- (cheeks either side of nose)
- Respiratory circuit
- Bronchus- broncholi- Aviolar ducts,capillaries - aveolis diffusion.
- Palate
- Internal portion lies above the roof of the mouth ( floor of nasal cavity)
- Hypopnea
- decrease in depth and rate of breathing. Low
- Nasal cavities
- filters, moistens and warms, lined with cilia and mucous membrane.
- Compliance
- the ease which one can expand the lungs and thorax.
- Apnea
- temporary cessation of breathing.
- Co2 is produced
- continuously in the tissues as a byproduct of metabolism.
- sphenoid sinus
- (behind ethmoind),
- Internal exchange
- takes place in the capillaries.
- Expired air
- 16% oxygen, 3.5% Co2
- Internal exchange of gases
- cellular- inside- exchange of gases between tissue cells and capillaries. which occurs in the tissues as oxygen diffuses from the blood to the cells.
- Compliance
- ease with which one can expand the lungs and thorax.
- What stimulates breathing
- amount of Co2- medulla is stimulated by rising amount of carbon dioxide in our blood.
- In lungs blood passes
- through the capillaries around the alveoli, where gas exchange takes place.
- Trachea
- (windpipe) tube that extends from inferior edge of the larynx to the upper part of the chest superior to the heart.
- Function of Sinuses
- give Resonance to our voices,Sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities, Highly susceptible to infection.
- Pleura
- serous membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs.
- Pulmonary circuit
- brings blood to and from the lungs.
- Hypoxemia
- lower than normal oxygen level in arterial blood
- Phrenic nerve
- for breathing ; big nerve; has a lot of tributaries.
- Hypercapnis
- raised Co2 level in blood.
- Breathing in
- diaphragm flattens
- Trachea is located
- Anterior - ventral to espophagus
- Bradypnea
- slow breathing - below 12
- Insipired air
- 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide
- Subdivisions:
- Bronchus Subdivide into the broncials- alveilor duct- subdivision of bronchial tubes- then into aveloi (millions in lungs) - air sacs end of duct.
- Oropharynx-
- middle section, located posterior to mouth,Contains tonsils; behind the mouth.
- Apnea
- a temporary cessation of breathing. Short periods of apnea occur during sleep.
- Pleura Space
- in between plura and lungs are filled with liquid.
- Moisture is important because
- oxygen and carbon dioxide must go into solution before they can diffuse across the membrane.
- Surfactant
- Air sacs do not completely empty
- We breathe out
- 16% of Co2
- Most of the time we breathe
- without thinking and the respiratory center is in control.
- Visceral pleura
- attached to surface of organ ( lung)
- Plueracy
- infection in this area.
- Pleura
- 2- continuous doubled sac covers each lung. lining of the lungs.
- Regulates flow of air
- by constricting and relaxation
- The respiratory center
- in the brain stem WILL override the voluntary desire not to breath and breathing will resume.
- The diaphragm and the other respiratory muscles are
- voluntary. - can be regulated consciously by messages from the cerebral cortex.
- Ethmoid
- above of forhead; between the eyes
- Lungs Extend from
- just above clavical to the diaphragm.
- Exhalation (expiration)
- expulsion of air from the lungs,Passive phase of breathing.,Respiratory muscles relax (allows ribs and diaphragm to return to normal position)
- Gas concentrations are expressed as pressure
- in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) as is Blood Pressure.
- Phrenic nerve
- breathing nerve (branch of vegas nerve)
- Adenoids
- lymphoid tissue; having appearance of gland. Pharayngeal tonsils
- Each primary bronchus enters the lung at
- the hilum, and immediately subdivide, bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, which enters the lobes of the lung (bronchial tree) bronchi subdivide again and again becoming progressively smaller as they branch through lung tissue.
- Vocal cords
- fiberous bands stretch across larynx; produce voice
- 1.5% of oxygen in blood is
- carried in solution in the plasma.