biology midterm
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- fermentation
- lactic acid and alcoholic. oxygen is not present for either of them. you would know someone was doing lactic acid fermentation if they were panting, sweating or had just exercised
- secondary consumer
- consumes primary consumers and producers
- energy pyramid
- shows the trophic levels in an ecosystem and the feeding relationship between organisms in an ecosystem
- biology
- study of living organisms
- why do plants need nitrogen? what do they make with it?
- mineral found in soil that is needed for plants survival, the plant makes usable energy out of the nitrogen
- covalent bonds
- "share" electrons to become stable
- where does cellular respirations happen in eukaryotic cells?
- mitochondria
- aerobic cellular respiration
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 >>> 6H2O + 6CO2
- photosynthesis
- 6H2O+6CO2 >>> C6H12O6
- substrate
- substance that enzymes work on
- hydrolysis
- the process of breaking down disaccharides into 2 monosaccharides by adding water
- xylem
- transports water from the roots to the leaf of the plant
- chloroplasts
- absorbs sunlight and converts it into usable energy
- mitosis
- part of the cell cycle where parent cells distribute their chromosomes and split into 2 daughter cells. vells continously grow. when they become too big to function correctly they must divide to survive. before mitosis the human cell copies its chromosomes so that there are 92 after mitosis each daughter cell is left with 46.
- male vs. female meiosis
- male: left with 4 identical sperm. female: left with one cell that got more cytoplasm and becomes egg + 3 polar bodies that are not involved in sexual reproduction
- mitochondria
- "power house" of cell, aids in the storage and release of energy
- how can u tell if ur looking at meiosis or mitosis?
- mitosis goes through one phase of division while meiosis goes through two.
- primary consumer
- feeds directly on producers (herbivores)
- herbivore
- feeds directly on producers
- isotonic
- equal distribution of liquid
- rough ER
- transports material in cell (with ribosomes)
- mutualism
- symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
- stomata
- openings that allow materials in/out of the leaf
- acid
- substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, pH < 7
- what is happening when ATP is made from ADP+P and when it is broken down?
- energy is being stored and released
- food chain
- series of different organisms that transfer food between the different trophic levels of an ecosystem
- large vacuole
- store/prepare particles for shipment
- explain "energy flows through an ecosystem"
- the unused energy and nutrients are broken down by decomposers and released into the soil for future use and to begins the cycle again
- passive transport vs active transport
- PT does not require energy AT does
- commensalism
- symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
- common word for precipitation/two examples
- the commmon word for precipitation is rain, two examples are: snow, sleet
- function: glycogen
- animal starch made in liver (sugar animals crave)
- parasitism
- symbiotic relationship in which one organism feeds off the tissue/body fluids of another organism
- deciduous
- cold with low moisture (grasslands)
- ribosomes
- responsible for protein synthesis
- cell membrane
- allows materials to pass in/out, keeps form of cell and protects
- what happens when organic molecule's building blocks are put together or taken apart?
- energy is either absorbed or released
- cell wall
- keeps water from escaping and provides protection and form
- diffusion
- net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
- plant cell cytokinesis
- cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm seperates at the end of mitosis. in plant cells a cell plate/cell wall forms that seperates the two cytoplasms
- heterotroph
- consumes other organisms as source of energy
- carnivore
- feeds on other consumers
- autotroph
- manufactures its own food
- tundra
- coldest biome with little rain
- base
- substances that release hydroxi ions (OH-) when dissolved in water, pH > 7
- enzyme
- proteins that are catalysts and speed up reactions
- aerobic vs. anaerobic cellular respiration
- aerobic creates 36 ATP, anaerobic creates 2 ATP
- explain "protein is denatured"
- proteins are broken down and mutated into new form
- what causes waters special properties?
- water's polarity
- how much energy is sent from one trophic level to the next and where does the "lost" energy go?
- 10% of the energy is sent from one trophic level to the next while the remaining unused energy is released in the form of heat
- cytoplasm
- holds all organelles inside the cell
- polar bonding
- opposite charges attract
- steps of cellular respiration
- glycolysis: breakdown of glucose, happens in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP. kreb cycle: happens in mitochondria, breaks down pyruvic acid left from glycolysis, produces 2 ATP. electron transport: binds high energy electrons to NAD and FAD to produce ATP from ADP, produces 32 ATP
- decomposer
- consumers that recycle organic matter in an ecosystem by breaking down dead organic material to get nutrients. releases resulting inorganic compounds into the soil and water
- roots
- absorb water and minerals from soil
- biome
- large area with specific climate and vegetation
- 3 things found in plant cell but not animal cell
- cell wall/chloroplasts/central vacuole
- ionic bonds
- transfer electrons from one atom to another to become stable
- meiosis
- type of cell division that creates gametes/sex cells necessary to reproduce sexually. before meiosis cell duplicates its chromosomes. after meiosis cell have gone through 2 stages of mitosis and each cells has 23 chromosomes (half the # that are in body cells)
- function: starches
- primarily substances plants store as food
- osmosis
- diffusion of water moving across a semipermeable membrane
- function: cellulose
- plant fibers non-digestible to animals (makes cell walls)
- dehydration synthesis
- the process of joining monosaccharides together by removing water
- non polar bonding
- unrelated to charge
- carbon fixation
- carbon must go through this process in order from it to become usable energy for living things
- transpiration
- water is absorbed by plants through the roots, carried through the leaves and then evaporates
- hydrophobic
- "water hating" - oil
- hypotonic
- more water outside cell. in attempt to create equilibrium, cell wall expands and becomes less pointy. hypertonic, more liquid on inside in attempt to create equilibrium cell wall closes in
- nucleus
- control center of cell/information center
- difference between 100x and 500x when viewing a slide under a microscope
- 500x is 5 times bigger than 100x under the microscope
- chromosomes in body cells vs. sex cells
- body cells have diploid # (46) sex cells have haploid # (23)
- smooth ER
- transports material in cell (without ribosomes)
- facilitated diffusion
- something must happen to ignite the diffusion process
- reactants
- substances that go into a reaction
- desert
- extreme temperatures with no rainfall and little vegetation
- properties of water
- great solvent/dissolves waste products/participates in chemical reactions/absorbs and releases heat slowly/requires a lot of heat to change to gas/good lubricant/makes up most volume of cells and body fluids
- nucleic acid/DNA
- the building blocks of nucleic acid are a simple sugar, a phosphate, and a base. the purpose of DNA is to carry hereditary informationand assist in the building of protein
- where does the oxygen we breath come from?
- plants after photsynthesis release oxygen into the air
- what is special about the properties of lipids compared to other organic molecules?
- store two times as much potential energy as protein
- eukaryotic
- cell with nucleus
- foodweb
- network of food chains representing the flow of energy in an ecosystem. the arrows point from the prey to the predator.
- predator prey relationship
- the predator lives off the prey (eats it) example: snake is the predator, mouse it the prey
- producer
- uses sunlight to produce own energy/food
- endergonic reaction
- when heat in taken in
- selectively permeable
- only allows certain materials to enter and leave the cell. it is important to keep unhealthy materials out of the cell
- radiant energy
- energy from the sun
- rainforest
- hot, humid and very wet with lots of vegetation and species
- lysosome
- aid in breaking down cellular waste
- structures most easily seen inside cells using the school microscopes. explain
- nucleus and cell membrane, they contain the most particles and are stained easily
- how can you tell a sugar apart from a protein?
- sugar has C,H, and O. proteins have C, H, O, and N.
- hydrophilic
- "water loving" - sugar
- simple sugars
- basic unit of carbohydrates that are made up of 3 - 6 carbons
- light reactions
- purpose: to create ATP and NADPH which can later be used in dark reactions
- why are leaves green?
- chlorophyll found in chloroplasts in plant cells
- water cycle
- evaporation - transpiration - condensation - precipitation...
- organisms that do cellular respiration
- all organisms need to break down glucose to obtain energy
- phloem
- transports food from the roots to the leaf of the plant
- prokaryotic
- cell with no nucleus
- omnivore
- feeds on producers and other consumers
- neutral
- when acid and base mix, both die and become neutral, create a salt and water, pH = 7
- taiga
- distinct seasons with moderate precipitation
- nitrogen fixation
- bacteria changes poisonous nitrogen into usable nitrogen energy
- products
- substances that come out of a reaction
- dark reactions
- purpose: to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar that can be used by the plant
- activation energy
- energy needed to start a chemical reaction
- exergonic reaction
- when heat is given off
- how do nitrogen bases line up
- CG always together & AT always together
- gaurd cell
- controls the opening and closing of the stomata